4.3 Vocabulary

conformity

• the tendency to adjust one's attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to match those of a majority group or social norms, often in response to real or perceived pressure to fit in or be accepted.

• the act of resisting social norms and maintaining one's own beliefs and behaviors regardless of group pressure.

• the process of forming a group identity that is distinct from individual identities.

• the ability to influence others through persuasion and social interaction.

social trap

• a situation where individuals prioritize long-term benefits over immediate rewards

• a scenario where cooperation leads to mutual benefits

• a situation in which individuals or groups pursue immediate rewards or benefits that ultimately lead to negative long-term consequences for themselves or others, often due to a lack of cooperation or consideration of the common good.

• a condition where individuals work together for a common goal without any negative outcomes.

collectivism

• a cultural orientation that prioritizes individual success and personal achievement over group goals.

• a cultural orientation that emphasizes competition and individualism in social interactions.

• a cultural orientation that prioritizes the interests, values, and goals of the group or community over those of the individual, emphasizing cooperation, interdependence, and social harmony.

• a cultural orientation that focuses solely on economic growth and material wealth.

central route persuasion

• a method of persuasion that involves careful consideration and evaluation of the arguments, evidence, and logic presented in a persuasive message.

• a technique that relies on emotional appeal rather than logical reasoning.

• a strategy that uses celebrity endorsements to influence opinions.

• a form of persuasion that occurs when the audience is not motivated to think critically about the message.

individualism

• a cultural orientation that prioritizes the rights, needs, and goals of the individual over those of the group, emphasizing independence, autonomy, and personal achievement.

• a belief system that values collective goals over individual aspirations.

• a social structure that promotes conformity and discourages personal expression.

• a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of community and social responsibility.

bystander effect

• A phenomenon where individuals are more likely to help in emergencies when alone.

• A social phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help or intervene in an emergency situation when others are present, often due to diffusion of responsibility and social influence.

• A psychological condition where people feel compelled to assist others regardless of the situation.

• A behavior where individuals ignore emergencies to avoid social embarrassment.

peripheral route persuasion

• A method of persuasion that relies on logical reasoning and the quality of the message.

• A method of persuasion that relies on superficial factors such as attractiveness, credibility, or emotional appeals rather than the quality of the message itself.

• A technique that focuses on the central aspects of an argument to persuade the audience.

• A strategy that uses fear tactics to influence people's decisions.

Multiculturalism

• A perspective that recognizes the cultural diversity of a country and promotes equal standing for all cultural traditions.

• A belief that one culture is superior to others.

• A policy that encourages the assimilation of immigrants into the dominant culture.

• A movement that seeks to eliminate cultural differences.

social loafing

• the tendency for individuals to exert less effort or motivation when working collectively in a group compared to when working individually, due to diffusion of responsibility and decreased accountability.

• the phenomenon where individuals work harder in a group setting than when alone.

• the practice of individuals taking on more responsibility in a team to ensure success.

• the behavior of individuals who prefer to work alone rather than in groups.

deindividuation

• the enhancement of self-awareness and individuality in a group setting.

• the loss of self-awareness and individuality that occurs when individuals are part of a group or crowd, leading to reduced inhibitions, increased conformity, and impulsive behavior.

• the process of becoming more independent and self-reliant in social situations.

• the ability to maintain personal identity while interacting with a group.