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often known as rational comprehensive approach. it is the traditional method for planning. this is based on problem-oriented approach.

claims that long-term planning is not only fundamentally harmful but also too difficult. When difficulties are lumped together, they are deemed to be too difficult to fix.

involves direct communication with those who will be impacted by the plan, as opposed to an unidentified target population of beneficiaries. Techniques include in-person conversations with a focus on mutual learning and field surveys.

This strategy has advantages including a greater sensitivity to the unforeseen and detrimental repercussions of plans.

The first mainstream involves group efforts to produce tangible outcomes right away. The second mainstream is critical of large-scale social processes for permeating all facets of social and economic life and for influencing how social problems are structured and developed through time.

the process of looking for replicating best practices.

involves foreseeing results

Management sets goals and is accountable for the plan's success.

Employee participation in plan formulation.

It is a collection of core values and ideas that have been approved by the government that serve to direct an organization in the service of a given goal.