Thermal Energy and Equilibrium Quiz

Defining the system as just the concrete block and the water around it, complete the following sentence: If the equilibrium for the system is reached at 25°C, and the heat lost to the outside is 10.7 kJ, the increase in thermal energy of the water will be _________ kJ. Report the answer to one decimal place.

• 209.3

• 5.3

• 21.4

• 0.0

Increased greenhouse gases lead to an increase in temperatures. Which of the following are plausible examples of a positive feedback resulting from the increase? Select all that apply.

• Increased temperatures lead to the melting of glacial ice, exposing ocean water.

• Increased temperatures lead to more evaporation, creating more clouds.

• The increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere stimulates the growth of plants because they have more CO₂ for photosynthesis.

• Increased temperatures lead to permafrost thawing, releasing more methane and carbon dioxide.

A large-scale event such as a major volcanic eruption could ___ the amount of energy reflected, resulting in a temporary decrease in global temperatures.

• increase

• decrease

• eliminate

• stabilize

Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.

• The electrostatic force between two adjacent Mg2+ and O2− ions is attractive and has a magnitude of 1.63 x 10−28 N.

• The electrostatic force between two adjacent Mg2+ and O2− ions is repulsive and has a magnitude of 2.196 x 10−8 N.

• The electrostatic force between two adjacent Mg2+ and O2− ions is greater than its gravitational force.

• If the interionic distance in the MgO crystal was half the actual one, both the gravitational and the electrostatic forces would be 4 times the actual ones.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the relationship between structure and function?

• Electrically conductive materials, like metals, are often used because their atoms freely share electrons, allowing for the easy flow of electricity.

• Flexible but durable materials, such as rubber, are often rigid with tightly packed molecules that resist change.

• Pharmaceuticals are usually designed with a random structure so they can interact with a wide variety of receptors in the body.

• The rigidity of materials, such as ceramics, is due to the rapid movement of their molecules.

Use Figure 1 and the information provided to select the statement that correctly describes the formation of CO₂ in the reaction C + O₂ → CO₂.

• covalent bond forms as carbon (C) shares electrons with oxygen (O₂) to complete their outer electron shells

• ionic bond forms as carbon (C) loses electrons and oxygen (O₂) gains them

• covalent bond forms as carbon (C) loses electrons and oxygen (O₂) gains them

• ionic bond forms as carbon (C) shares electrons with oxygen (O₂) to complete their outer electron shells

Part 1: How does cosmological redshift support the Big Bang Theory?

• Cosmological redshift provides proof that the universe is shrinking.

• Cosmological redshift provides proof that the universe is expanding.

Part 2: Which statement about the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation and its relationship with energy is true?

• The CMB demonstrates that energy can be created spontaneously in the universe, leading to the formation of galaxies and stars.

• The CMB represents the residual thermal energy spread throughout the universe, supporting the idea that energy present at the universe's inception has transformed over time.

• The CMB shows that energy within the universe can be destroyed over time, as evidenced by the cooling temperatures of cosmic background radiation.

For each geological feature listed below, indicate whether it is typically a result of the convergence of tectonic plates or divergence of tectonic plates. Select all of the correct answers for each geological feature.

• Mountain Range: Convergence

• Oceanic Trench: Convergence

• Oceanic Trench: Divergence

• Mid-Ocean Ridge: Divergence

• Mountain Range: Divergence

Based on the evidence of the experiments and the theory of collisions, which of the following statements is true?

• The data shows that the reaction rate decreases as the temperature increases because decreasing temperature increases the number of collisions between reactants.

• The data shows that the reaction rate increases as the concentration of reactants increases because higher concentration decreases the molecular collisions.

• The data shows that the reaction rate increases as the temperature increases because higher temperature increases the number of collisions between molecules.