Which of the following best describes statistical significance in psychological research?

• A result that confirms the research hypothesis.

• A result that is unlikely to occur by chance alone.

• A result that applies to the general population.

• A result that is replicated by other researchers.

Which scenario best illustrates altruism?

• A person donates money expecting a tax deduction.

• A student helps a friend study to avoid feeling guilty.

• A man dives into a river to save a stranger, risking his own life.

• A child shares their toy to get praise from their parents.

Meta-analysis is most accurately described as:

• An observational study of a large population.

• The use of brain imaging to analyze cognitive functions.

• A statistical technique that combines results from multiple studies.

• A form of experimental design that uses double-blind procedures.

A student who receives a good grade says, “I’m really smart,” but when receiving a bad grade says, “The test was unfair.” This is an example of:

• Fundamental attribution error

• Learned helplessness

• Self-serving bias

• Internal locus of control

Which of the following best illustrates the actor-observer bias?

• You think your friend is late because they are lazy, but you were late yesterday because of traffic.

• You take credit for your success but blame your failures on bad luck.

• You change your opinion to fit the group’s majority view.

• You believe your teacher dislikes you because of your poor grades.

A person who didn’t get into their dream college says, “It was too expensive anyway.” This is an example of:

• Projection

• Sublimation

• Rationalization

• Denial

The fundamental attribution error occurs when people:

• Underestimate the role of personal traits in others’ behavior.

• Overestimate situational influences on others’ behavior.

• Overestimate dispositional influences and underestimate situational ones.

• Accurately judge others’ behavior based on context.

According to Barbara Fredrickson’s "broaden and build" theory, positive emotions:

• Narrow attention and promote survival-based reactions.

• Broaden awareness and encourage novel, exploratory thoughts and actions.

• Build short-term emotional resilience only during crises.

• Are less influential on behavior than negative emotions.

According to Lazarus’ theory, the stress response is primarily determined by:

• The number of stressors encountered.

• The intensity of the physical stress reaction.

• An individual’s cognitive appraisal of the situation.

• The amount of sleep and rest available.

In Lewin’s conflict theory, which type of conflict involves choosing between two desirable options?

• Approach-avoidance conflict

• Double approach-avoidance conflict

• Avoidance-avoidance conflict

• Approach-approach conflict