Overview of Development and Learning AP Psych New CED

Biological Preparedness

• The ability of organisms to learn any association regardless of its relevance.

• The tendency of living beings to learn certain associations due to their survival value.

• The process by which all learned behaviors are equally important for survival.

• The instinctual behavior of animals to avoid all new foods.

Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement & Punishment

• Reinforcement decreases behavior while punishment increases behavior.

• Reinforcement increases behavior while punishment decreases behavior.

• Both reinforcement and punishment are types of negative stimuli.

• Reinforcement and punishment have no effect on behavior.

Variable Ratio

• A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a fixed number of responses.

• A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

• A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specific time interval.

• A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only once.

Critical Periods

• A time when an organism is most vulnerable to environmental changes.

• An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

• A phase in life when learning is impossible.

• A period of time when an organism is completely unaffected by external stimuli.

Taste Aversion

• The intense dislike and/or avoidance of particular foods that have been associated with nausea or discomfort.

• A preference for sweet foods over savory ones.

• The enjoyment of trying new and exotic foods.

• A condition where one cannot taste food at all.

Schemas

• Frameworks that help organize and interpret information.

• Types of data storage systems.

• Methods for data encryption.

• Techniques for data visualization.

Nature and Nurture

• The debate on the influence of genetics and environment on behavior and mental processes.

• The study of animal behavior in natural habitats.

• The impact of social media on mental health.

• The role of nutrition in cognitive development.

Sensitive Periods

• Times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences.

• Periods in life when individuals are less receptive to learning.

• Stages of life that are irrelevant to personal development.

• Moments when experiences have no impact on growth.

Vicarious Conditioning

• Learning that occurs through direct experience with a stimulus.

• Learning that occurs through observing the reactions of others to an environmental stimulus.

• Learning that occurs through verbal instruction from a teacher.

• Learning that occurs through trial and error.

Reversibility

• The ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition.

• The process of making something irreversible.

• The ability to change the order of numbers without affecting their value.

• The concept of numbers being fixed and unchangeable.