PRACTICE: AP Biology B Final Exam Part 1

The largest family of butterflies, Nymphalidae, consists of more than 6,000 species. An analysis of the Nymphalidae lineage suggests there are 12 major subfamilies, as shown in the phylogenetic tree.

Each butterfly lineage in this family occupies a different niche in the environment. The separation of these lineages into different niches is best explained by which of the following?

• The frequency of mutations in the gene pool that is most advantageous for a niche increases over time.

• The frequency of mutations in an individual that is most advantageous for a niche increases over time.

• The frequency of mutations in the gene pool that is most advantageous for a niche decreases over time.

• The frequency of mutations in an individual that is most advantageous for a niche decreases over time.

The production of pepsinogen as an inactive proenzyme is an adaptation that most likely provides which evolutionary advantage?

• It promotes the digestion of proteins inside the stomach lumen.

• It prevents the digestion of proteins outside of the stomach lumen.

• It promotes the digestion of carbohydrates outside stomach lumen.

• It prevents the digestion of carbohydrates inside the stomach lumen.

Nitrogen fixation in legumes results from the infection of plant roots by Rhizobium bacteria, as shown in the diagram. The infection causes nodules to form in the roots where the bacteria live, as shown in the diagram. The Rhizobium bacteria in the nodules use nitrogen gases in the atmosphere to produce ammonia. Use the passage to answer the question. The process by which Rhizobium populates the root nodule is most similar to which of these?

• the formation of a zygote after fertilization

• the replacement of skin cells after a cut

• the production of sperm in the testes

• the generation of ova from oocytes

A new animal is discovered with a uterus. Which statement is most likely true regarding the reproductive behavior of this species?

• It lays eggs.

• It lives in water.

• It bears live young.

• It reproduces asexually.

Excess glucose in the blood can cause neuropathy, resulting in neuron loss. Although the cause of neuropathy is debated, some researchers think the condition results from mitochondrial dysfunction, as shown in the diagram. Which of these dysfunctions of the endocrine system would most likely result in excess serum glucose?

• low secretion of insulin by the pancreas

• excess secretion of insulin by the pancreas

• low secretion of ADH by the pituitary

• excess secretion of ADH by the pituitary

The loss of salts and water from diarrhea is one of the most dangerous symptoms of cholera infection. Which of these accurately explains an effect of electrolyte imbalance in the body?

• muscle twitching caused by excess chloride

• high blood pressure caused by excess salt

• bone loss due to excess calcium

• dark urine due to excess water

Over the years, a Mexican wolf population in an area of Arizona became severely depleted. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service put in place a program to breed wolves and release them into the wild. A survey of the Mexican wolf population since the program’s introduction in 1998 is shown.

Which statement best describes the recovery of the Mexican wolf population?

• It is experiencing logistic growth because the rate of population growth increases without slowing.

• It is experiencing logistic growth because the rate of population growth increases but slows with time.

• It is experiencing exponential growth because the rate of population growth increases without slowing.

• It is experiencing exponential growth because the rate of population growth increases but slows with time. atmosphere

The largest family of butterflies, Nymphalidae, consists of more than 6,000 species. An analysis of the Nymphalidae lineage suggests there are 12 major subfamilies, as shown in the phylogenetic tree.

The ribosomes of which of these pairs of organisms would be expected to be most similar?

• Libytheinae and Charazinae

• Libytheinae and Calinaginae

• Satyrinae and Calinaginae

• Satyrinae and Charazinae

Over the years, a Mexican wolf population in an area of Arizona became severely depleted. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service put in place a program to breed wolves and release them into the wild. A survey of the Mexican wolf population since the program’s introduction in 1998 is shown.

How would a drought in Arizona most likely affect the population density of the Mexican wolf population?

• The population density would decrease because insufficient abiotic factors are available to support the population.

• The population density would decrease because insufficient biotic factors are available to support the population.

• The population density would increase because sufficient abiotic factors are available to support the population.

• The population density would increase because sufficient biotic factors are available to support the population.

Excess glucose in the blood can cause neuropathy, resulting in neuron loss. Although the cause of neuropathy is debated, some researchers think the condition results from mitochondrial dysfunction, as shown in the diagram

Neuropathy can often result in physical damage to peripheral tissues. Which statement best explains this observation?

• Loss of neurons prevents the transport of nutrients to peripheral tissues.

• Loss of neurons prevents the coordination of movement by the cerebellum.

• Loss of neurons prevents the exchange of gases with the circulatory system.

• Loss of neurons prevents the sensation of pain from reaching the somatosensory cortex batting