Dissociative Disorders

• Involve disruptions in conscious awareness, identity, or memory.

• Are characterized by excessive mood swings and emotional instability.

• Involve persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.

• Are marked by a lack of motivation and energy.

Attribution Style

• People who explain failure with internal, stable, and global reasons are more likely to develop depressive disorders.

• People who attribute failure to external, unstable, and specific reasons are less likely to develop depressive disorders.

• People who explain success with internal, stable, and global reasons are more likely to develop anxiety disorders.

• People who attribute failure to internal, unstable, and global reasons are more likely to develop depressive disorders.

Mania

• A state of heightened excitement and energy, often with unrealistically high self-esteem.

• A feeling of deep sadness and hopelessness.

• A condition characterized by excessive worry and anxiety.

• A state of calmness and relaxation.

Culture-Bound Symptoms

• Symptoms that are universal across all cultures

• Symptoms specific to certain cultures (e.g., TKS in Japan or 'ataque de nervios' in Latin cultures)

• Symptoms that are only psychological in nature

• Symptoms that are caused by environmental factors

Purpose of early treatments

• Aimed to remove evil spirits or the Devil from individuals.

• Focused on providing nutritional support to patients.

• Emphasized the importance of mental health therapy.

• Sought to enhance physical fitness through exercise.

Exorcism

• A practice to summon spirits through rituals.

• Used to drive out the Devil through prayer, fasting, and ritual.

• A method of healing through herbal remedies.

• A form of meditation for spiritual enlightenment.

Trepanation

• A modern surgical procedure to remove brain tumors.

• An early treatment used to allow evil spirits to escape the body.

• A method of acupuncture for pain relief.

• A technique for brain imaging using MRI.

Biological perspective

• A psychological approach focusing on biological factors in behavior.

• A method of therapy that emphasizes cognitive restructuring.

• A perspective that ignores the role of genetics in mental health.

• A theory that suggests all psychological disorders are learned behaviors.

Standardized criteria in DSM

• Provides descriptions and symptoms for mental disorders to ensure consistent diagnoses.

• Offers treatment plans for various mental health conditions.

• Lists the historical development of mental health diagnoses.

• Defines the ethical guidelines for mental health professionals.

Phobia

• A persistent, intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

• A temporary feeling of anxiety about a situation.

• A general dislike of certain objects or situations.

• A strong desire to confront fears head-on.