Review questions for EXAM 1 BIO 229

Be able to describe and identify the progression of development in the embryonic central nervous system and the corresponding regions in the adult brain.

• The embryonic neural tube develops into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, which correspond to the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum in the adult brain.

• The embryonic neural tube develops into the spinal cord only, with no further differentiation.

• The embryonic central nervous system remains unchanged throughout development.

• The adult brain develops first, followed by the embryonic central nervous system.

Where do you find gray and white matter in the adult brain and spinal cord?

• Gray matter is found on the surface of the brain and in the center of the spinal cord; white matter is found deeper in the brain and on the outside of the spinal cord.

• Gray matter is found only in the spinal cord; white matter is found only in the brain.

• Gray and white matter are evenly distributed throughout both the brain and spinal cord.

• Gray matter is found on the outside of both the brain and spinal cord; white matter is found on the inside of both.

The adult cerebrum has 5 lobes (4 visible from the surface). Which of the following lists correctly names all 5 lobes?

• Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insular

• Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Limbic

• Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Cerebellar

• Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Central

The structures and major roles of the thalamus, midbrain, and hindbrain are:

• Sensory relay, motor control, and basic life functions

• Memory storage, language processing, and emotional regulation

• Hormone production, digestion, and immune response

• Vision, hearing, and olfactory processing

Where in the brain are the motor and sensory cortices located? What is the relationship between neuronal density and receptive field size in the periphery?

• The motor and sensory cortices are located in the frontal and parietal lobes, respectively; higher neuronal density is associated with smaller receptive field size.

• The motor and sensory cortices are located in the occipital and temporal lobes, respectively; higher neuronal density is associated with larger receptive field size.

• The motor and sensory cortices are located in the cerebellum and brainstem, respectively; neuronal density does not affect receptive field size.

• The motor and sensory cortices are located in the hippocampus and amygdala, respectively; lower neuronal density is associated with smaller receptive field size.

Cerebral lateralization means:

• the division of functions between the two hemispheres of the brain

• the increase in brain size over time

• the process of memory formation

• the connection between neurons

Where are the language centers located and what are their names? How does damage to those areas affect language skills?

• The language centers are located in the left hemisphere of the brain, mainly Broca's area and Wernicke's area; damage can cause speech and comprehension problems.

• The language centers are located in the right hemisphere of the brain; damage improves language skills.

• The language centers are found in the spinal cord; damage causes paralysis.

• The language centers are in the cerebellum; damage affects balance only.

What are the two major divisions in the nervous system and the major constituents of each?

• Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia)

• Sympathetic nervous system (heart and lungs) and parasympathetic nervous system (stomach and intestines)

• Somatic nervous system (muscles) and autonomic nervous system (glands)

• Cerebral cortex (gray matter) and medulla oblongata (white matter)

What are the structural components of a neuron? What are their functions?

• Dendrites, cell body, axon; receive signals, process information, transmit impulses

• Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes; provide energy, synthesize proteins, store DNA

• Myelin sheath, synaptic vesicles, Golgi apparatus; insulate axon, store neurotransmitters, package proteins

• Cilia, flagella, lysosomes; movement, digestion, waste removal

A neuronal process can be classified “structurally” as a dendrite and “functionally” as an axon because:

• it has the appearance of a dendrite but transmits impulses like an axon.

• it is always myelinated.

• it only receives signals, not transmits them.

• it is found only in the central nervous system.