12 Biology

What is the purpose of signal transduction pathways in cells?

• To amplify electrical signals

• To modify proteins

• To release glucose from glycogen

• To convert ATP into cAMP

What is the purpose of signal transduction pathways in cells?

• To amplify electrical signals

• To modify proteins

• To release glucose from glycogen

• To convert ATP into cAMP

What is the role of ligands in signal transduction pathways?

• To attach to receptors

• To convert ATP into cAMP

• To activate protein kinases

• To release glucose from glycogen

Which protein is responsible for converting ATP into cAMP?

• G-protein

• Adenylyl cyclase

• Protein kinase

• Phosphorylase

What happens when cAMP binds to the regulatory portions of protein kinase?

• Protein kinase becomes inactivated

• Protein kinase becomes activated

• Protein kinase releases glucose from glycogen

• Protein kinase converts ATP into cAMP

What is the purpose of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in signal transduction pathways?

• To amplify electrical signals

• To modify proteins

• To release glucose from glycogen

• To serve as a secondary messenger

Which molecule acts as a ligand in the signal transduction pathway described?

• Epinephrine

• G-protein

• Adenylyl cyclase

• Phosphorylase

What is the role of the alpha subunit in the signal transduction pathway?

• To attach to adenylyl cyclase

• To convert ATP into cAMP

• To activate protein kinase

• To release glucose from glycogen

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a

• ligand
• second messenger
• protein kinase
• receptor protein

Type of cell signaling where the ligand is produced at a location distant from its target cell(s)

• autocrine signaling

• juxtracrine signaling

• paracrine signaling

• endocrine signaling