Cell Signaling

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a

• ligand
• second messenger
• protein kinase
• receptor protein

Type of cell signaling where the ligand is produced at a location distant from its target cell(s)

• autocrine signaling

• juxtracrine signaling

• paracrine signaling

• endocrine signaling

1.  Each of the following numbered processes are involved in signal transduction pathways:  
 I.  Response  
II.  Amplification  
 III.  Reception  
IV.  Transduction
Which of the following represents the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?

• I, II, III, IV
• III, I, IV, II
• II, IV, I, III
• III, IV, II, I

Protein kinases activate other relay proteins by adding a(n) ____ to them.

• phosphate
• ATP molecule
• cAMP
• GTP

What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?

• G-protein receptor
• tyrosine kinase receptor
• gated ion channel

Many signal transduction pathways use second messengers to:

• transport a signal through the lipid bilayer portion of the plasma membrane.

• relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell.

• relay the message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm.

• amplify the message by phosphorylating proteins.

It is formed from ​

ATP by a cyclization reaction that removes two phosphate groups from ATP

• cATP

• cGTP

• cGPCR

• cAMP

What do second messengers do?

• transport a signal through the lipid bilayer
• relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell
• relay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasm
• dampen the message

Adrenaline is released from your adrenal glands to affect various systems in the body. This is an example of ____ signaling.

• juxtacrine (direct cell to cell contact)

• endocrine (long distance)

• paracrine (short distance)

• autocrine (self-signaling)

Which are two widely used second messengers in many signal transduction pathways? (choose both)

• cAMP

• G-protein

• Ca²⁺

• adrenaline/epinephrine