Central Dogma and Transcription

According to the central dogma of molecular biology, what serves as the repository of genetic information?

• RNA

• Protein

• DNA

• Ribosome

The process by which the genetic information in DNA is used to synthesize (messenger) RNA is called _________.

• transcription

• translation

• replication

• mutation

According to the passage, the role of mRNA in the central dogma of molecular biology is to:

• Store genetic information

• Transfer amino acids to the ribosome

• Carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis

• Catalyze biochemical reactions

According to the central dogma diagram, what is the correct order of information flow in a cell?

• Protein → RNA → DNA

• DNA → RNA → Protein

• RNA → DNA → Protein

• DNA → Protein → RNA

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

The protein products can be ________ that catalyze metabolic transformations in the cell, or they can be structural proteins.

• enzymes

• hormones

• lipids

• carbohydrates

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

What is a functional RNA?

• A type of RNA that codes for proteins

• A type of RNA that has a biological function other than coding for proteins

• A type of DNA that is transcribed into RNA

• A protein that interacts with RNA

What does the system of molecules look like before the start of the transcription process?

• The DNA is double-stranded and tightly coiled, with RNA polymerase not yet attached.

• The DNA is single-stranded and RNA polymerase is already synthesizing RNA.

• The mRNA is already present and translation has begun.

• The ribosome is attached to the DNA.

What does the system of molecules look like at the end of the transcription process?

• A DNA strand and a newly synthesized mRNA strand are present.

• Two identical DNA molecules are present.

• A protein and a DNA strand are present.

• Only a single-stranded mRNA molecule is present.

What transformations of matter and transfers of energy happen during the transcription process, and what catalyzes the process?

• RNA is synthesized from a DNA template, using nucleotides and energy from NTP hydrolysis; the process is catalyzed by RNA polymerase.

• Proteins are synthesized from amino acids, using energy from ATP hydrolysis; the process is catalyzed by ribosomes.

• DNA is replicated from a DNA template, using nucleotides and energy from dNTP hydrolysis; the process is catalyzed by DNA polymerase.

• Lipids are broken down into fatty acids, releasing energy; the process is catalyzed by lipase.

If the biological task is to create a copy of DNA in the chemical language of RNA, what challenges can we reasonably hypothesize or expect, given our knowledge about other nucleotide polymer processes, must be overcome?

• Ensuring accurate base pairing and initiation of synthesis

• Maintaining cell membrane integrity

• Producing energy for cellular respiration

• Transporting proteins across membranes