Correlation and Causation

What does no correlation mean?

• There is a strong relationship between the changes in two variables.

• There is a predictable relationship between the changes in two variables.

• There is no predictable relationship between the changes in two variables.

• There is a negative relationship between the changes in two variables.

What is an example of positive correlation?

• The relationship between studying hours and test scores; as study hours increase, test scores tend to increase.

• The relationship between the amount of rainfall and the number of umbrellas sold; as rainfall increases, umbrella sales decrease.

• The relationship between exercise frequency and weight gain; as exercise frequency increases, weight gain tends to increase.

• The relationship between temperature and ice cream sales; as temperature increases, ice cream sales tend to decrease.

How can you determine if a correlation is strong or weak?

• By looking at the correlation coefficient; values closer to -1 or +1 indicate a stronger correlation.

• By analyzing the scatter plot for clustering of points.

• By checking the sample size of the data set.

• By calculating the mean of the data points.

What is an example of negative correlation?

• The relationship between the amount of exercise and body weight; as exercise increases, body weight tends to decrease.

• The relationship between the amount of study time and exam scores; as study time increases, exam scores tend to decrease.

• The relationship between temperature and ice cream sales; as temperature increases, ice cream sales tend to decrease.

• The relationship between hours of sleep and fatigue; as hours of sleep increase, fatigue tends to increase.

What does a negative correlation indicate?

• A negative correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.

• A negative correlation indicates that both variables increase together.

• A negative correlation indicates that both variables decrease together.

• A negative correlation indicates that there is no relationship between the variables.

What is a scatter plot?

• A type of bar graph that displays data in rectangular bars.

• A graph that shows the relationship between two data sets, with points representing the values of each variable.

• A circular chart that represents data as slices of a pie.

• A line graph that connects data points to show trends over time.

What is an example of causation?

• An example of causation is when it starts raining, and the baseball game is delayed.

• An example of causation is when the sun rises, and the temperature increases.

• An example of causation is when a plant grows, and it produces oxygen.

• An example of causation is when a car accelerates, and the driver feels a push back in the seat.

What is the range of correlation coefficients?

• -2 to +2

• -1 to +1

• 0 to 1

• -1 to 0

What is the purpose of using scatter plots in data analysis?

• To visually assess the relationship between two variables and to identify patterns or trends.

• To display data in a tabular format for easy comparison.

• To summarize data using measures of central tendency.

• To create a visual representation of categorical data.

What does a positive correlation indicate?

• A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases.

• A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.

• A positive correlation indicates that there is no relationship between the variables.

• A positive correlation indicates that both variables are constant.