Biology SOL Unit 3.2 - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

What is the main difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

• Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus, Eukaryotic cells do not.

• Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

• Both have membrane-bound organelles.

• Both have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

Answer explanation

The main difference is that prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. This distinction is fundamental in classifying these two types of cells.

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Why are Archaebacteria considered extremophiles?

• They live in mild environments.

• They are sensitive to all antibiotics.

• They are found in extreme environments such as high temperatures, salt concentrations, or pH.

• They have a nucleus.

Answer explanation

Archaebacteria are considered extremophiles because they thrive in extreme environments, such as high temperatures, high salt concentrations, or extreme pH levels, unlike most other organisms.

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Explain how the cell wall composition differs between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, and how this difference affects their survival in extreme environments.

• Both have peptidoglycan, so both survive equally in extreme environments.

• Only Eubacteria have peptidoglycan, making them extremophiles.

• Archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan, allowing them to survive in extreme environments, while Eubacteria have peptidoglycan and cannot.

• Both lack peptidoglycan, so neither can survive in extreme environments.

Answer explanation

Archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan, which allows them to thrive in extreme environments like high salinity or temperature. In contrast, Eubacteria have peptidoglycan, making them less suited for such conditions.

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Which of the following statements best describes a characteristic that distinguishes Kingdom Fungi from Kingdom Plantae?

• Fungi are autotrophic and perform photosynthesis.

• Fungi store energy as glycogen, while plants store energy as starch.

• Fungi have cell walls made of cellulose, while plants have cell walls made of chitin.

• Fungi are always unicellular, while plants are always multicellular.

Answer explanation

Fungi and plants differ in energy storage; fungi store energy as glycogen, while plants store it as starch. This is a key distinction, as fungi are heterotrophic, unlike plants, which are autotrophic and perform photosynthesis.

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Why are organisms in Kingdom Protista considered paraphyletic?

• They have specialized tissues.

• They include only unicellular organisms.

• They share a common ancestor that does not include all descendants.

• They are all autotrophic.

Answer explanation

Organisms in Kingdom Protista are considered paraphyletic because they share a common ancestor that does not include all descendants, specifically the plants, animals, and fungi that evolved from that ancestor.

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Explain how the structure of the cell wall differs between fungi and plants, and discuss how this difference relates to their biological functions.

• Fungi have cell walls made of cellulose for photosynthesis, while plants have chitin for nutrient cycling.

• Fungi have cell walls made of chitin for breaking down organic material, while plants have cellulose for structural support.

• Both fungi and plants have cell walls made of glycogen for energy storage.

• Fungi and plants both lack cell walls, relying on other structures for support.

Answer explanation

Fungi have chitin in their cell walls, which aids in breaking down organic material, while plants have cellulose that provides structural support, reflecting their different roles in ecosystems.

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Which of the following best explains why some plants, such as the Venus flytrap, are considered both producers and consumers?

• They can move to catch prey.

• They reproduce only asexually.

• They perform photosynthesis and also digest small animals.

• They lack a cell wall.

Answer explanation

The Venus flytrap is unique as it performs photosynthesis like other plants, making it a producer, while also digesting small animals for nutrients, classifying it as a consumer. Thus, it fulfills both roles.

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Match the following types of fungi with their correct descriptions.

• Spore-bearing fruiting body

• Mushroom – spore-bearing fruiting body

• Grows as unicellular organisms

• Yeast – grows as unicellular organisms

• Grows as multicellular hyphae

• Mold – grows as multicellular hyphae

Answer explanation

Refer to your notes.

Which group of plants is characterized by producing seeds within flowers?

• Mosses & Liverworts

• Ferns

• Gymnosperms

• Angiosperms

Answer explanation

Angiosperms are the group of plants that produce seeds within flowers, distinguishing them from mosses, liverworts, ferns, and gymnosperms, which do not have flowers.

Based on the diagram, the structure used by Amoeba for movement is (a)   .​

• Cilia

• Pseudopod
• Flagellum

• Hyphae

Answer explanation

Amoeba uses pseudopods for movement, which are temporary projections of its cytoplasm. Unlike cilia and flagella, which are more structured, pseudopods allow for flexible and dynamic movement.