What concept did Plato introduce regarding governance?

• Meritocracy

• Philosopher-king

• Bureaucracy

• Democracy

Which principle is NOT associated with Confucianism?

• Benevolent governance

• Karma

• Meritocracy

• Ren

What is the primary source of Islamic public administration principles?

• Buddhist teachings

• Western philosophy

• Confucian texts

• Al-Quran and Sunnah

Which of the following is a characteristic of traditional public administration?

• Customer focus

• Hierarchical structure

• Performance measurement

• Flexibility

What does NPM stand for in public administration?

• New Public Management

• National Public Model

• New Policy Mechanism

• Non-Profit Management

Which of the following is a key component of Confucius's political ideas?

• Anarchy

• Meritocracy

• Totalitarianism

• Despotism

What is the main focus of modern public administration approaches?

• Political patronage

• Bureaucratic hierarchy

• Customer service

• Rigid rules

Which of the following best describes the role of local government in Malaysia?

• Economic policy

• International relations

• National defense

• Community service delivery

What is a significant impact of digital transformation in public administration?

• Increased bureaucracy

• Decreased accountability

• Enhanced service delivery

• Reduced transparency

Which of the following is NOT a principle of Islamic public administration?

• Justice

• Inequality

• Transparency

• Accountability