L-1 Test (Applied Bio)

Why is continuous fermentation preferred over batch fermentation for the production of primary metabolites?

• It requires less monitoring

• It maintains the microorganisms in the exponential growth phase, leading to higher productivity.

• Continuous fermentation systems provide closed system for nutrient supply and product removal

• It does not require sterile conditions.

Answer explanation

Continuous fermentation में fresh nutrients लगातार दिए जाते है और waste products निकाले जाते है . इससे microorganisms हमेशा exponential (या log) growth phase में रहते हैं, जहां उनकी metabolic activity ओर primary metabolites बनने की speed सबसे ज्यादा होती है

Continuous fermentation में अच्छे monitoring ओर control systems की जरूरत होती है ताकि conditions optimal बनी रहे ओर contamination न हो.

इस process में nutrients का constant supply ओर product का removal balance में होता है, जो higher yield (ज्याद पैदावर)के लिए जरूरी होता है. Primary metabolites का production सीधा growth rate से linked होता है।

Sterile (साफ ओर germ-free) conditions batch fermentation ओर continuous fermentation दोनों में बहुत important होती है, ताकि contamination न हो और product pure मिले

How many generations are required for bacteria to reach a population of 1 billion if the initial inoculated bectaria were 1000?........

• 10

• 20

• 30

• 40

Answer explanation

Solutions:-

N₀ = 1000 => 10³

Nt = 1000000000 => 10⁹

Number of generations(n) = LogN₀ / 0.3

= Log10⁹ - Log10³ /0.3

= 9-3/0.3

6/0.3 = 20

How does fed-batch culture enhance the yield of secondary metabolites compared to continuous culture?.......

• By maintaining a constant high cell density throughout the process

• By providing a continuous supply of fresh medium

• By allowing cells to enter the stationary phase where secondary metabolites are typically produced

• By reducing the risk of contamination

Answer explanation

Fed-batch culture secondary metabolites की yield को continuous culture के मुकाबले ज्यादा बढ़ाता है, कुछ important reasons की वजह से।

सबसे पहले, यह process poore time में high cell की density को maintain करती है, जो secondary metabolites की अच्छी production के लिए जरूरी होती है।

दूसरा, यह लगातार fresh medium supply करती है जिससे cells को जरूरी nutrients मिलते रहते है metabolite बनने के लिए.

तीसरा - fed-batch culture में cells stationary phase में जा सकते है, जहां secondary metabolites normally produce होते हैं।

and last यह contamination का risk भी कम कर देता है, जो otherwise metabolite yield को negatively affect कर सकता

है।

In a continuous fermentation process using a chemostat, how can the productivity of ethanol production from Saccharomyces cerevisiae be optimized?...

• By increasing the flow rate of fresh medium into the chemostat

• By maintaining a constant growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• By removing the by-products from the fermentation broth

• By adjusting the nutrients composition in the medium

Answer explanation

Continuous fermentation process में, जब chemostat का use होता है, तो microorganism का constant growth rate maintain करना बहुत important होता है ताकि productivity optimize हो सके.

यह तब possible होता है जब fresh medium का flow rate carefully control किया जाए ताकि nutrient supply balanced ओर sufficient हो, ओर cells desired rate पे grow कर सके.

अगर cells को लंबे समय तक exponential growth phase में रखा जाए , तो Saccharomyces cerevisiae से ethanol का production maximize किया जा सकता है

जबकि medium का nutrient composition adjust करना और by-products को remove करना भी important होता है, लेकिन अगर specifically productivity optimize करनी हो continuous fermentation में , तो सबसे effective तरीका होता है constant growth rate को maintain करना

Column A lists a set of nutrients and Column B lists some sources for these nutrients that are used in industrial fermentation.....

• A-1; B-3; C-2

• A-1; B-2; C-3;

• A-2; B-3; C-1

• A-3; B-2; C-1

Answer explanation

A.Cardon = 1.Corn liquor

B.Vitamin = 2. Yeast Extract

C. Nitrogen= 3.Soya Meal

Consider a graph depicting the growth of microbial cells and the production of metabolites during fermentation.The graph Shows two distinct phases in the metabolite production curve in relation to the cell growth curve. One metabolite's production coincides with the rapid growth of cells, while the other begins to be produced significantly after the cells have reached a stationary phase

• A and D

• B and C

• A and B

• C and D

Answer explanation

Correct Combination Ans:- B and C

Options को एक एक करके देखते है

(A) The metabolite produced in alignment with cell growth is a secondary metabolite.

Wrong है.❌❌❌❌

Explanation:- जो metabolite cell growth के साथ साथ बनता हैi, वह primary metabolite होता है. जैसे कि amino acids, nucleotides, etc.

Secondary metabolites तब बनता है जब growth phase खत्म हो जाता है (stationary phase में). जैसे कि antibiotics, ethanol, etc.

(B) The metabolite that coincides with cell growth is produced during the Trophophase.

Correct है :- ✅✅✅✅✅

Explanation:- Trophophase वो phase होती है जब cells actively grow कर रही होती है उस phase में primary metabolites बनते है, तो जो metabolite growth के साथ बन रहा है वो Trophophase में भी बन रहा है

(C) The metabolite produced after the cell growth has stagnated is a secondary metabolite.

Correct hai.✅✅✅✅✅✔️✔️✔️

Explanation: जब cell की growth रुक जाती है (stationary phase), तब secondary metabolites बनते है. इनका use survival के लिए होता है, not growth के लिए. इसलिए यह secondary कहलाते है

(D) The curve described could represent the production of ethanol after the cell growth phase.

Correct hai.✅✅✅✔️✔️✔️✔️✔️

Explanation: Ethanol एक secondary metabolite है. Iliska production stationary phase के बाद होता है. तो यह graph ethanol जैसे compound को represent कर सकते है।

Match the following antibiotics with the organisms responsible for their industrial production...

• A-3; B-4; C-1; D-2; E-5

• A-2; B-1; C-4; D-3; E-5

• A-2; B-1; C-5; D-3; E-4

• A-2; B-1; C-5; D-4; E-3

Answer explanation

And A-2, B-1, C-5, D-3, E-4

Explain:- A. Penicillin is famously producted by penicillium chrysogenum

B. Streptomycin is produced by Streptomyces griseus

C. Tetracycline is known to be produced by Streptomyces aureofaciens

D. Erythromycin is produced by Saccharopolyspora aureofaciens

E. Chloramphenicol is produced by Streptomyces venezuelae

Match the following vitamins with the organisms or processes responsible for their industrial production

• A-1; B-2; C-3; D-4

• A-4; B-2; C-1; D-3

• A-4; B-1; C-2; D-3

• A-1; B-2; C-4; D-3

Answer explanation

Ans:- A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

Explain:- A. Vitamin B12 is industrially produced through the fermentation process involving propionibacterium freudenreichii

B. Vitamin C is largely produced through the chemical synthesis from glucose

C. Riboflavin(B2) is known to be produced industrially by the fermentation of Ashbya gossypii

D. Vitamin A can be synthesized from various sources, But the it is mainly there is chemical synthesis from petroleum-derived substrates.

Match the following industrial fermentation products with their respective primary sources or production methods.....

• A-1; B-2; C-3; D-4; E-5;

• A-2; B-1; C-4; D-3; E-5;

• A-2; B-3; C-4; D-3; E-5

• A-4; B-3; C-1; D-2; E-5

Answer explanation

Ans:- A-2; B-2; C-3; D-4; E-5;

Explain:- 1. Ethanol is commonly produced by the fermentation process involving Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2. Citric Acid is produced through the fermentation by Aspergillus niger

3. Acetic Acid is industrially produced both by fermentation and chemical synthesis, But in this context, C-4(Chemical systhesis from methanol) is not the correct match; the traditional source is through the fermentation by Acetobacter species, not listed in the options...

4. Lactic Acid is produced by fermentation involving Lactobacillus Species

5. Insulin, through recombinant DNA technology, is produced in Escherichia coli

Match the following products of industrial fermentation with their corresponding production organisms.......

• A-1; B-2; C-3; D-4; E-5

• A-5; B-1; C-4; D-3; E-2

• A-5; B-1; C-2; D-3; E-4

• A-4; B-3; C-1; D-2; E-5

Answer explanation

Ans:- A-5; B-1; C-2; D-3; E-4

Explain:- 1. Xanthan Gum is produced by the fermentation of Xanthomonas campestris

2. Butanol is produced through the acetone-butanol-ethanol(ABE) fermentation process involving Clostridium acetobutylicum

3. Soy Sauce involves a complex fermentation process that includes a mix of Aspergillus, yeast and bacteria 🦠

4. Monosodium Glutamate(MSG) is primarily through fermentation by Corynebacterium glutamicum