Stress and Adaptation

Which of the following best defines stress?

• A permanent state of illness

• A physiological failure

• A real or perceived threat to homeostasis

• A behavioral habit

What term refers to the efforts made to manage internal or external demands?

• Homeostasis

• Adaptation

• Resilience

• Coping

What is the body's attempt to maintain internal stability through feedback mechanisms?

• Allostasis

• Homeostasis

• Resistance

• Exhaustion

Which term describes achieving stability through physiological or behavioral change?

• Coping

• Homeostasis

• Allostasis

• Inflammation

What is the term for the cumulative burden of chronic stress on the body?

• Stress load

• Hormonal balance

• Allostatic load

• Resistance phase

Which model explains the body's stress response in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion?

• Transactional model

• General Adaptation Syndrome

• Immune-to-brain model

• Cognitive theory

Which hormone is primarily released by the adrenal cortex during stress?

• Insulin

• Oxytocin

• Cortisol

• Dopamine

What brain structure plays a key role in fear, anxiety, and emotional responses?

• Hippocampus

• Medulla

• Amygdala

• Thalamus

What system regulates norepinephrine release and is involved in arousal and alertness during stress?

• HPA axis

• Limbic system

• LC/NE system

• PNS

Which of the following best defines adaptation?

• The body's ability to completely avoid stress

• A learned behavior unrelated to biology

• The ability to return to balance after stress

• Suppressing all hormonal responses