Taq polymerase was isolated from an extremophile. What is it used for?

It is used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA.

It is used to break down proteins in cells.

It is used to synthesize lipids in bacteria.

It is used to transport oxygen in blood.

Other reasons to study extremophiles include:

Understanding potential for life on other planets

Learning about common plant diseases

Almost all prokaryotic pathogens are found in which domain, and how many pathogenic species are present in the other prokaryotic domain?

Both domains have equal numbers

Which of the following lists Koch’s 4 postulates required for linking a specific bacterial species to a disease?

The microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease, isolated and grown in pure culture, cause the disease when introduced into a healthy host, and be re-isolated from the diseased host.

The microorganism must be present in healthy individuals, be resistant to antibiotics, cause symptoms only in animals, and be airborne.

The microorganism must be visible under a light microscope, be able to survive without a host, cause multiple diseases, and be found in water sources.

The microorganism must be genetically modified, be found only in plants, cause no symptoms, and be destroyed by sunlight.

The Germ Theory states that:

diseases are caused by microorganisms.

diseases are caused by bad air.

diseases are caused by imbalanced body fluids.

diseases are caused by poor diet.

Virulence refers to the degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism. How is virulence now being investigated?

By studying the genetic and molecular mechanisms of pathogens

By only observing symptoms in infected individuals

By ignoring laboratory experiments

By focusing solely on environmental factors

An antibiotic is a substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of bacteria. The existence of penicillin was discovered in which year, and what is a major factor that has resulted in antibiotic resistance in pathogenic species of bacteria?

1928; Overuse and misuse of antibiotics

Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes to remove pollutants from the environment. Are these prokaryotes naturally occurring or genetically engineered, and what are the two main strategies used to employ them in bioremediation?

They are both naturally occurring and genetically engineered; the two strategies are biostimulation and bioaugmentation.

They are only genetically engineered; the two strategies are sterilization and filtration.

They are only naturally occurring; the two strategies are incineration and composting.

They are only genetically engineered; the two strategies are vaccination and irradiation.

Biologists study bacteria and archaea by using which of the following methods?

Microscopy and culturing techniques

Bacteria are grown in broths and on agars that meet their metabolic requirements. What are these types of media called?

These types of media are called enrichment cultures.

These types of media are called differential cultures.

These types of media are called selective cultures.

These types of media are called minimal cultures.

What fairly new method is used to investigate prokaryotes that we cannot culture, and on what is it based?

The fairly new method is metagenomics, which is based on analyzing DNA sequences from environmental samples.

The fairly new method is electrophoresis, which is based on separating proteins by size.

The fairly new method is Gram staining, which is based on cell wall composition.

The fairly new method is light microscopy, which is based on visualizing cells directly.

Themes that occur in the diversification of Bacteria and Archaea include:

Adaptation to diverse environments

Formation of multicellular organisms

Dependence on oxygen for survival

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in their cell wall structure. When stained with the Gram stain protocol, which type stains purple and which stains pink?

Gram-positive stains purple, Gram-negative stains pink

Gram-negative stains purple, Gram-positive stains pink

The term that refers to an outer slick polysaccharide layer in bacteria is known as what, and what type of bacteria often have this?

Endospore; spore-forming bacteria

The purpose of an endospore is to:

Protect the cell in harsh conditions by forming a tough, resistant structure.

Help the cell move by forming flagella.

Increase the cell's metabolic rate during stress.

Allow the cell to reproduce rapidly.

An autoclave (high heat & pressure) must be used during a sterilization procedure to make sure all bacteria on a surface are killed because:

some bacteria can form heat-resistant spores that survive normal boiling.

it is faster than other sterilization methods.

it is less expensive than chemical sterilization.

it uses less water than other methods.

Which of the following lists three methods by which prokaryotes introduce genetic variation into populations?

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation

Binary fission, mitosis, and budding

Photosynthesis, respiration, and fermentation

Endocytosis, exocytosis, and phagocytosis

The energy in the form of high energy electrons that drive chemiosmosis comes from which source for each of the 3 groups in the previous question?

The breakdown of glucose and other organic molecules

The absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll

The direct use of ATP from the cytoplasm

The intake of oxygen from the environment

The terms autotroph and heterotroph indicate how an organism obtains its food.

They indicate how an organism obtains its food.

They indicate the size of an organism.

They indicate the color of an organism.

They indicate the speed at which an organism moves.

Autotrophs get their carbon from inorganic molecules like methane or carbon dioxide, while heterotrophs get their carbon from organic molecules such as glucose. Which of the following statements is correct?

Autotrophs get carbon from inorganic molecules; heterotrophs from organic molecules.

Autotrophs get carbon from organic molecules; heterotrophs from inorganic molecules.

Both autotrophs and heterotrophs get carbon from inorganic molecules.

Both autotrophs and heterotrophs get carbon from organic molecules.

Prokaryotes differ in the ways they obtain energy and carbon in which of the following ways?

They use a variety of methods to obtain energy and carbon, including photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, and heterotrophy.

They only obtain energy and carbon through photosynthesis.

They rely solely on consuming other organisms for energy and carbon.

They can only survive in environments with sunlight.

In cellular respiration, all eukaryotes use sugars as a source of high energy electrons to run their electron transport chains. All use oxygen as the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC. How do prokaryotes compare?

Prokaryotes can use substances other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

Prokaryotes always use oxygen as the final electron acceptor, like eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes do not use electron transport chains.

Prokaryotes do not use sugars as a source of high energy electrons.

All photosynthetic eukaryotes use water as an electron source. Regarding variation, how do prokaryotes compare?

Prokaryotes use a variety of electron sources.

Prokaryotes only use water as an electron source.

Prokaryotes do not perform photosynthesis.

Prokaryotes use only oxygen as an electron source.

What was the first oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria?

became abundant 2.7 billion years ago

O2 is a by-product of photosynthesis (when it uses water as an electron source)

O2 made aerobic respiration possible.

Aerobic respiration made multicellularity and large body size possible.

What are the usable forms of nitrogen for most organisms?

Ammonia (NH3) and nitrate (NO3-)

Nitrogen gas (N2) and nitrous oxide (N2O)

Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

What is nitrogen fixation?

Redox reactions that convert N2 to ammonia

The process of breaking down ammonia into nitrogen gas

The conversion of oxygen to nitrogen in the atmosphere

The absorption of nitrogen by plant roots directly from the air

Name a terrestrial and an aquatic example of bacteria involved in nitrogen fixation.

Terrestrial: Rhizobium; Aquatic: Anabaena

Terrestrial: Escherichia; Aquatic: Clostridium

Terrestrial: Bacillus; Aquatic: Salmonella

Terrestrial: Staphylococcus; Aquatic: Vibrio

What is a major environmental impact of nitrogen pollution in oceans?

Blooms of algae (such as in red tides) and die-off resulting in an anoxic or 'dead' zone.

Increased salinity levels in ocean water.

Formation of coral reefs at a faster rate.

Decrease in ocean water temperature.

Bacteria that carry out oxygenic photosynthesis are called what, and what does oxygenic mean?

Cyanobacteria; oxygenic means producing oxygen during photosynthesis

Purple bacteria; oxygenic means using oxygen as a nutrient

Green sulfur bacteria; oxygenic means living in oxygen-rich environments

Spirochetes; oxygenic means breaking down oxygen for energy

In the same amount of time, this type of cellular respiration produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration. What did this change make possible?

The evolution of more complex and energy-demanding organisms

A decrease in the need for oxygen

The elimination of cellular respiration

All organisms need nitrogen for which of the following?

To build proteins and nucleic acids

Certain prokaryotes have an enzyme that allows them to fix nitrogen. What is this enzyme, and does it require aerobic or anaerobic conditions to function?

Nitrogenase; anaerobic conditions

Nitrate reductase; aerobic conditions

Nitrogenase; aerobic conditions

Ch 26: Bacteria and Archaea

Authored by Lyrik Butler

Science

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Select two things that Domains Bacteria & Archaea have in common.

Both are prokaryotic and lack a nucleus.

Both have membrane-bound organelles.

Both are multicellular organisms.

Both reproduce sexually.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Of what is the cell wall of bacteria made?

The cell wall of bacteria is made of unique peptidoglycan.

The cell wall of bacteria is made of cellulose.

The cell wall of bacteria is made of chitin.

The cell wall of bacteria is made of lignin.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

The phospholipids of bacteria and archaeans differ in their structure. Which group has phospholipids most similar to those of eukaryotes?

Bacteria

Archaeans

Both bacteria and archaeans

Neither bacteria nor archaeans

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Domain Archaea is more similar in these characteristics to which group?

Bacteria

Eukaryotes

Viruses

Fungi

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Earth is 4.6 by old. Prokaryotes, the first living things, appeared about how many years ago, and for how long were they the only living things?

Prokaryotes appeared about 3.5 billion years ago and were the only living things for about 2 billion years.

Prokaryotes appeared about 1 billion years ago and were the only living things for about 500 million years.

Prokaryotes appeared about 4.5 billion years ago and were the only living things for about 1 billion years.

Prokaryotes appeared about 2 billion years ago and were the only living things for about 3 billion years.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Ubiquitous means present everywhere. Which of the following is an example of a habitat occupied by prokaryotes where eukaryotes cannot survive?

Hot springs with extremely high temperatures

Temperate forests

Freshwater lakes

Grasslands

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

The term that refers to prokaryotes living in habitats with high heat, hypertonic conditions, high pressure, or low pH is:

Halophiles

Thermophiles

Extremophiles

Mesophiles

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Ch 26: Bacteria and Archaea

Select two things that Domains Bacteria & Archaea have in common.

Of what is the cell wall of bacteria made?

The phospholipids of bacteria and archaeans differ in their structure. Which group has phospholipids most similar to those of eukaryotes?

Domain Archaea is more similar in these characteristics to which group?

Earth is 4.6 by old. Prokaryotes, the first living things, appeared about how many years ago, and for how long were they the only living things?

Ubiquitous means present everywhere. Which of the following is an example of a habitat occupied by prokaryotes where eukaryotes cannot survive?

The term that refers to prokaryotes living in habitats with high heat, hypertonic conditions, high pressure, or low pH is:

Taq polymerase was isolated from an extremophile. What is it used for?

Other reasons to study extremophiles include:

The term that refers to an organism that causes disease is:

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