VPH Post-Test

This is an example of a metazoonosis

• Japanese Encephalitis Virus

• Brucellosis

• Ancylostomiasis

• Trichinellosis

Answer explanation

Japanese Encephalitis Virus is considered to be a metazoonosis as it involves both vertebrates (waterbirds, pigs) and invertebrate hosts (mosquitoes)

Brucellosis is considered to be a direct zoonosis

Ancylostomiasis (cutaneous larva migrans) is considered to be a saprozoonosis, in which is involves vertebrate host (dogs, cats) and a developmental site (soil)

Trichinellosis is a cyclozoonosis as it require more than one vertebrate species (rodents and pigs), but no invertebrate host, in order to complete the developmental cycle of the agent.

Nipah virus emergence is attributed to

• population growth of the rodent reservoir

• increase in vector populations

• human movement

• changes in land use

Answer explanation

Dual–agriculture of intensive pig farming with mango plantations created a bat-pig interface that allowed spillover of Nipah virus from bats feeding on the fruit trees to pigs housed below.

One Health from theory to practice is highlighted by the 4 Cs which is communication, coordination, collaboration, and

• compassion

• centralization

• capacity building

• conscientious decision making

All of these are zoonotic transmission pathways of Q fever EXCEPT:

• Inhalation of contaminated aerosols/dust

• Ingestion of unpasteurized milk

• Tick bites

• Bites from reservoir host

Answer explanation

Inhalation of contaminated aerosols/dust is the most common way humans contract Q fever.

Transmission through tick bites may occur but is rare

Reservoir host of Nipah virus

• Rhinolophus bat species

• Pteropus bat species

• Yinpterochiroptera (or Pteropodiformes) bats

• Desmodus bats

Answer explanation

Pteropus bat species or fruit bats or flying foxes are the known reservoir host of Nipah virus and they are present in the Philippines

All of these zoonotic parasitic diseases are endemic in the Philippines EXCEPT:

• Schistosomiasis

• Angiostrongylosis

• Lymphatic filariasis

• Fasciolosis

Answer explanation

Although lymphatic filariasis is endemic in the Philippines Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori are considered human parasites as animal reservoirs are of minor epidemiologic importance or absent

Best control measure for tuberculosis in animals is

• treat and quarantine animas

• vaccination

• test and slaughter

• good farming practices

Answer explanation

The primary method for controlling bovine tuberculosis in animals is through a "test and slaughter" program. This involves routinely testing animals, particularly cattle, for the disease and then slaughtering those that test positive.

Antimicrobial treatment of infected animals is rarely attempted because of the doses and duration of treatment that would be required.

Gold standard test for rabies is

• direct fluorescent antibody test

• virus neutralization test

• direct rapid immunohistochemistry test

• mouse inoculation test

Answer explanation

The direct fluorescent antibody (dFAt) test is considered the gold standard for rabies diagnosis, according to the CDC and the World Health Organization.

Which sample would be appropriate sample for leptospirosis gold standard testing

• urine

• feces

• oronasal swab

• serum

In cases of Avian Influenza outbreak, culling of animals should be within the

• 5 km radius

• 1 km radius

• 7 km radius

• 2 km radius

Answer explanation

In the Philippines culling of all domestic birds within a 1 km radius from the infected property is practiced