Define: a. Dimorphic fungi. b. Mycotoxins

ANSWER: • They are fungi that grow as molds at environmental temperatures (25 °C) forming reproductive spores and grow as yeasts at body temperature (37 °C).2-ANSWER: • They are biologically active compounds produced by many fungi. • E.g. Aflatoxin produced by certain Aspergillus species growing on grains and nuts

Case: A little girl is highly interested in playing with pet cats and dogs. Now, she presents to the clinic with a bald spot on the scalp and she was diagnosed as having tinea capitis. Mention: a. The causative agent of this type of mycoses. b. The type of this mycoses. c. Then mode of transmission of this type of mycoses.

a. The causative agent of this type of mycoses. ANSWER: dermatophytes b. The type of this mycoses. ANSWER: cutaneous mycosesc. Then mode of transmission of this type of mycoses. ANSWER: Contact with animals (zoophilic)

Mention origin of viral envelope.

ANSWER: It is derived from the host cell membrane; plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, or endoplasmic reticulum during virus release from infected cell.

Mention two beneficial effects and one harmful effect of normal flora.

Beneficial effects of normal flora: 1) Nutritional function in the intestine: e.g. vitamin K and B synthesis 2) Act as a powerful stimulus for the development of the immune system. 3) Suppress the growth of many pathogenic bacteria and fungi by: e.g. Competition for essential nutrients and receptors.Harmful effects of normal f lora: May produce disease (Opportunistic infections) under certain conditions: e.g. When patients have lowered immunity

Enumerate parasites common in children, mention the infective stage and habitat of infection for each

Parasites common in children Infective stage/s Habitat Hymenolepis nana Egg and cysticercoid Small intestine (lower region of ileum). Visceral larval migran Embryonated eggs of non human ascarids (Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati) Different organs such as lungs, liver, eye and brain Enterobius vermicularis Embryonated eggs Large intestine mainly caecum, colon, rectum and appendix. Giardia lamblia Mature cyst Upper part of small intestine (duodenum) and gall bladder.

Define Concomitant immunity with example

Partial resistance to reinfection associated with the persistence of the original infection Example: Schistosoma infections. ➢ Adult worms induce an immune response that does not kill adults due to their immune evasion (persistence of infection). ➢ Young schistosomulae are killed by the immune response induced by the surviving adult (partial resistant to re infection).

Mention the infective stage, mode of infection and diagnostic stage of each of the following parasites a) Trichomonas vaginalis b) Ascaris lumbercoides c) Wuchereria bancrofti d) Ancylostoma duodenale e) Plasmodium spp

The parasite Infective stage Mode of infection Diagnostic stage a. Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite 1. Sexual transmission 2. Contaminated toilet seats b. Ascaris lumbercoides Embryonated egg trophozoite Ingestion with contaminated food and drinks c. Wuchereria bancrofti Emberyofilaria or 3rd stage larva Bite of female culex mosquito Egg Microfilariae in peripheral blood d. Ancylostoma duodenale 3rd stage larva Penetration of skin or mucous membrane Egg e. Plasmodium spp 1. Sporozoites 1. Bite of female Anopheles mosquito 2. Blood transfusion Erythrocytic stages (ring, trophozoite,2. Schizont and merozoites 15. congenital schizont and gametocytes in peripheral blood)

Explain briefly the four modes of transmission of diseases by arthropods

a) Propagative: The causative organism multiplies without development, e.g. all arthropod-borne bacterial, rickettsial and viral diseases as fleas in Yresinia pestis. b) Cyclodevelopmental: The causative organisms develop without multiplication e.g. all helminth parasites transmitted by arthropods as mosquitoes in filarial worms. c) Cyclopropagative: The causative organisms undergo multiplication and development e.g. all blood protozoal parasites transmitted by arthropods as sand flies in leishmaniasis. d) Transovarian: The causative organisms are transmitted to the offsprings through the eggs. This type is common in tick-borne diseases especially in one host tick as in babesiosis.

Immunology Quiz Quiz

15 questions

Show all answers

1.

FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Enumerate markers for identification of: a. B lymphocytes: b. T lymphocytes: c. Treg cells:

(a)

2.

FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Mention 3 biological functions of antibodies.

(a)

3.

FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Discuss functions of Treg cells.

(a)

4.

FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Mention 3 mechanisms for evasion of immune system by tumor cells

(a)

5.

FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Mention three mechanisms responsible for loss of self-tolerance and development of autoimmune diseases.

(a)

6.

FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Compare in table form between innate and adaptive immunity (with regard to: specificity, diversity and memory).

(a)

7.

FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Discuss briefly the role of macrophage to initiate and terminate inflammation.

(a)

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Immunology Quiz

Enumerate markers for identification of: a. B lymphocytes: b. T lymphocytes: c. Treg cells:

(a)

Mention 3 biological functions of antibodies.

(a)

Discuss functions of Treg cells.

(a)

Mention 3 mechanisms for evasion of immune system by tumor cells

(a)

Mention three mechanisms responsible for loss of self-tolerance and development of autoimmune diseases.

(a)

Compare in table form between innate and adaptive immunity (with regard to: specificity, diversity and memory).

(a)

Discuss briefly the role of macrophage to initiate and terminate inflammation.

(a)

Define: a. Dimorphic fungi. b. Mycotoxins

(a)

Mention origin of viral envelope.

(a)

Access all questions and much more by creating a free account

Similar Resources on Wayground

Popular Resources on Wayground

Discover more resources for Other

Immunology Quiz

Enumerate markers for identification of: a. B lymphocytes: b. T lymphocytes: c. Treg cells: (a)

Mention 3 biological functions of antibodies. (a)

Discuss functions of Treg cells. (a)

Mention 3 mechanisms for evasion of immune system by tumor cells (a)

Mention three mechanisms responsible for loss of self-tolerance and development of autoimmune diseases. (a)

Compare in table form between innate and adaptive immunity (with regard to: specificity, diversity and memory). (a)

Discuss briefly the role of macrophage to initiate and terminate inflammation. (a)

Define: a. Dimorphic fungi. b. Mycotoxins (a)

Mention origin of viral envelope. (a)

Access all questions and much more by creating a free account

Similar Resources on Wayground

Popular Resources on Wayground

Discover more resources for Other

Enumerate markers for identification of: a. B lymphocytes: b. T lymphocytes: c. Treg cells:

(a)

Mention 3 biological functions of antibodies.

(a)

Discuss functions of Treg cells.

(a)

Mention 3 mechanisms for evasion of immune system by tumor cells

(a)

Mention three mechanisms responsible for loss of self-tolerance and development of autoimmune diseases.

(a)

Compare in table form between innate and adaptive immunity (with regard to: specificity, diversity and memory).

(a)

Discuss briefly the role of macrophage to initiate and terminate inflammation.

(a)

Define: a. Dimorphic fungi. b. Mycotoxins

(a)

Mention origin of viral envelope.

(a)