Pain management

numeric scale involves a pain rating from 0-10

PT is asked to rate the pain on a scale 0-10

Slight pain 1 and 3

Moderate pain 4 and 7

Severe pain 8 and 10

Used reliably in client older than 8 years

• pain

• numeric pain scale

• Neuropathic pain

• Perception of pain

Is a difficult phenomenon to understand meaning different things to different people

Caused when a stimulus causes electrical impulses to travel from peripheral to the spinal cord if the tissue is injured, it can release chemicals that excite or activate the nerve ending causing pain

• Pain ( a subjective experience influence by individual interpretation )

• a process solely depend on intensity of the initial stimulus

• a simple sensation with the universal definition

• Phenomenon easily understood of consistent meaning

Sudden or slow onset of intensity and has an anticipated or predictable end ( less than 6 months)

• accute vs chronic pain

• Objective indicators of pain

• Subjective indicators of pain

• Pain assessment

At high risk of having pain that may be ignored or not properly assist pain can be displayed differently than adults. Physiological measurements and guardian report should be considered

may be unable to verbalize their pain addres crying, body posture mobility, pain skills, wrong Baker face scales, FLACC scales, and cries scales

• Children experience and express pain similar to adults

• Developmental considerations:

  Children

• Physiological measurements are unreliable, indicators of pain in children

• Verbal reports are the only accurate method of assessing pain in children

Neuropathy phantom limb pain , spinal cord injury

• Neuropathic pain

• It is easily managed with over-the-counter pain relievers

• It originates from tissue damage at the injury site

• It resolves completely within a few weeks of the injury

grimacing , restlessness , increased diaphoresis

• Duration

• No verbal presence of pain

• Influencing factors

• Objective indicators of pain

Respiratory rate , capnography , spo2

• Opioid-induced ventilatory impairment

• Perception of pain

• Pain characteristics

• Subjective indicators of pain

vital signs showing an elevation and BP , HR and respiration

Muscle tension or rigidity

pallor

When pain becomes more severe there is a pain decrease in BP and HR

nausea and vomiting

Fainting , withdrawal to pain grimacing ,

Guarding the area of pain

• Objective indicators of pain

• Influencing factors

• developmental considerations

• Pain characteristics

Location, duration, quantity , quality, chronology , aggravating factors, relieving factors , associated phenomenon

• Objective indicators of pain

• Subjective indicators of pain

• Perception of pain

• Neurotic pain

P: precipitating cause

Q:quality

R:region

S:severity

T:timing

P: what were you doing when the pain started?

Q: describe what your pain feels like

R: show me the location where you are experiencing pain

S: on a scale of one through 10 how would you rate the pain?

T: when did your pain first begin? Have you experienced this pain before?

• Patient assessment

• Pain assessment

• Ethical considerations

• Emergency response