Quiz about Hệ thống tuần hoàn và bệnh cơ tim

Question 1

What are the classifications of primary cardiomyopathy?

Accepted Answer

Genetic

Accepted Answer

Mixed

Accepted Answer

Acquired

Question 2

What does genetic cardiomyopathy include?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Accepted Answer

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

Accepted Answer

Non-obstructive left ventricular cardiomyopathy

Accepted Answer

Genetic conduction system disorders

Accepted Answer

Ion channel disease

Question 3

What does acquired cardiomyopathy include?

Accepted Answer

Myocarditis

Accepted Answer

Pericarditis

Accepted Answer

Postpartum cardiomyopathy

Question 4

What does secondary cardiomyopathy include?

Accepted Answer

Cardiomyopathy related to drugs

Accepted Answer

Diabetes

Accepted Answer

Muscle dystrophy

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disorders

Accepted Answer

Cancer treatment (radiation - chemotherapy)

Question 5

What disorders can lead to dysfunction of heart valves?

Accepted Answer

Congenital defects

Accepted Answer

Trauma

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery disease

Accepted Answer

Degenerative changes and inflammation

Question 6

What are the characteristics of pericarditis?

Accepted Answer

Acute and chronic pericarditis.

Answer

Pericardial effusion and cardiac compression.

Answer

Constrictive pericarditis with effusion.

Answer

Major threat: compression of cardiac chambers.

Question 7

What are the characteristics of acute pericarditis?

Accepted Answer

Causes infection, systemic pathology.

Answer

Symptoms: chest pain, ECG, pericardial friction rub.

Answer

Recurrence related: autoimmune disorders, very few symptoms.

Question 8

What factors contribute to congenital heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Genetic and chromosomal influences.

Answer

Viruses.

Answer

Environmental factors: drugs, radiation.

Question 9

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Accepted Answer

Reduced blood flow in coronary arteries (atherosclerosis).

Answer

Myocardial ischemia: difference between supply and demand of oxygen in the heart.

Answer

Chronic myocardial ischemic heart disease.

Question 10

What does coronary artery disease (CAD) include?

Accepted Answer

Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS).

Answer

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS): STEMI and NSTE-ACS (NSTEMI & UA).

Question 11

What are the diagnostic methods for coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Accepted Answer

Electrocardiogram.

Answer

Stress testing.

Answer

Nuclear medicine imaging, CT, MRI, angiography.

Question 12

What are the clinical disorders of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Arise from disorders of impulse formation or conduction in the heart.

Answer

Normal sinus rhythm and respiratory sinus arrhythmia are considered normal.

Answer

Arrhythmias are not necessarily pathological: occur in healthy and diseased hearts.

Question 13

What is sinus arrhythmia originating from the sinoatrial node?

Accepted Answer

Sinus bradycardia: heart rate < 60 beats/min.

Answer

Sinus tachycardia: heart rate > 100 beats/min.

Answer

Sinus arrest: prolonged periods of asystole.

Question 14

What is bradycardia?

Accepted Answer

Heart rate < 60 beats/min

Answer

Heart rate > 100 beats/min

Answer

Prolonged period of no contraction

Answer

None of the above

Question 15

Why is arrhythmia originating in the ventricles considered more serious?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

QT syndrome

Answer

Ventricular tachycardia

Answer

Ventricular fibrillation

Question 16

What are the types of heart rhythm disorders caused by ion channel dysfunction?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

Congenital long QT syndrome

Answer

Short QT syndrome

Answer

Brugada syndrome

Question 17

What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume x heart rate

Answer

Heart rate x blood pressure

Answer

Stroke volume / heart rate

Answer

None of the above

Question 18

What are the two factors that determine blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Answer

Heart rate and stroke volume

Answer

Blood volume and heart rate

Answer

None of the above

Question 19

What is hypertension caused by?

Accepted Answer

Both increased cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Answer

Increased cardiac output

Answer

Increased peripheral resistance

Question 20

What is classified as secondary hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension with identifiable causes

Answer

Hypertension without identifiable causes

Question 21

What percentage of primary hypertension cases have no identifiable cause?

Accepted Answer

80%

Answer

20%

Question 22

What are the causes of secondary hypertension?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

Arterial stiffness or atherosclerosis

Answer

Renal ischemia

Answer

Endocrine disorders

Question 23

What is the role of sodium in primary hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Increased preload

Answer

Decreased preload

Question 24

What is the effect of the renin-angiotensin system on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Regulates blood pressure

Answer

Has no effect on blood pressure

Question 25

What are the four types of hypertension during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

Gestational hypertension

Answer

Chronic hypertension

Answer

Preeclampsia-eclampsia

Question 26

What are the potential consequences of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

Peripheral vascular disease

Answer

Retinal disease

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Stroke

Question 27

What are the possible consequences of high blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Stroke, cerebral hemorrhage

Answer

Retinal disease

Answer

Peripheral vascular disease

Answer

Heart failure, myocardial ischemia, left ventricular hypertrophy

Answer

Kidney failure

Question 28

What are the consequences of high blood pressure on the brain?

Accepted Answer

Mild: headache, insomnia, decreased cognitive workload, forgetfulness

Answer

Severe: cerebral softening, cerebral hemorrhage, rapid death due to brain hemorrhage

Question 29

What are the causes of shock in low blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of the vasomotor center: infection, poisoning, damage to blood vessels, heart muscle.

Answer

Due to prolonged lying down: sudden change of position, increased parasympathetic activity.

Answer

Due to rapid and excessive abdominal fluid removal: internal vessel dilation, reduced blood flow to the brain.

Question 30

What are the causes of fainting in low blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Due to the heart: stimulation of the vagus nerve, diseases causing atrioventricular conduction disorders.

Answer

Outside the heart: pain, fear, nasal mucosa reflex, sudden change of position, nervous reflex.

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