3.2

What are the key principles underlying the building of control systems for technological facilities, and how do they contribute to overall system efficiency?

• Modularity and scalability

• Redundancy and fault tolerance

• Integration of safety interlocks

• Network communication protocols

• Human-Machine Interface (HMI) design considerations

Enumerate general automation tools commonly used in chemical process control systems and their specific applications.

• Programmable Automation Controllers (PAC)

• Human-Machine Interface (HMI) software

• Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices

• Machine Learning algorithms

• Data Historians

Define measurements in the context of chemical processes and provide three types of measuring instruments along with their applications.

• Types: Analog and digital instruments

• Applications: Pressure gauges, temperature sensors

• Applications: Flow meters, mass spectrometers

• Applications: Level indicators, pH meters

• Applications: Gas chromatographs, infrared spectrometers

What are primary measuring transducers, and how do they play a crucial role in the main technological processes?

• Converters of physical quantities to electrical signals

• Examples: Pressure transmitters, thermocouples

• Link between process variables and control systems

• Importance in accurate data acquisition

• Integration with Distributed Control Systems (DCS)

Explain the significance of measuring pressure in chemical processes, and name common method for measurement.

• Ensuring vessel integrity

• Bourdon tube, strain gauge

• Impact on reaction kinetics

• Thermocouples, RTDs

• Continuous monitoring for process safety

Why is level measurement crucial in chemical processes, and what are two common technologies used for level sensing?

• Preventing overflow and underflow situations

• Level Sensing Technologies: Float switches, ultrasonic sensors

• Level Sensing Technologies: Radar level transmitters, capacitance probes

• Ensuring consistent process performance

• Integration with control algorithms for level control

Discuss the importance of measuring the composition and properties of substances in chemical processes, and name two analytical techniques.

• Quality control and product consistency

• Analytical Techniques: Gas chromatography, mass spectrometry

• Analytical Techniques: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy

• Monitoring chemical reactions

• Real-time data for process optimization

What are physical and chemical parameters of substances, and how are they measured in chemical processes?

• Physical Parameters: Density, viscosity

• Chemical Parameters: Concentration, pH

• Instruments: Viscometers, refractometers

• Instruments: pH meters, conductivity sensors

• Control strategies based on real-time parameter values

Explain the concept of transmitting measuring transducers and provide two examples used in chemical process industries.

• Transmitting data to control systems

• Examples: 4-20mA current loops, Fieldbus protocols

• Examples: HART communication, Profibus

• Enhancing communication reliability

• Integration with Distributed Control Systems (DCS)

What is the purpose of secondary and control devices, and how are they classified in the context of process control systems?

• Enhancing control system functionality

• Classification: Recorders, indicators

• Classification: Alarms, controllers

• Linking with safety interlocks

• Providing supplementary information for decision-making