Concepts Explaining Deviance

What is the main reason subcultures can lead to deviant behaviour?

• They lack access to basic resources

• They promote values that differ from mainstream society

• They encourage academic achievement

• They are supported by schools and media

Why might someone conform to deviant behaviour within a subculture?

• To avoid punishment from law enforcement

• Because they were never taught any values

• To gain status and acceptance within the group

• Due to a biological urge

Subcultures are often formed when individuals:

• Have too much free time

• Cannot afford higher education

• Come from privileged backgrounds

• Share a sense of exclusion or blocked opportunities

Under-socialisation refers to a situation where an individual:

• Fails to internalise society’s shared norms and values

• Is overexposed to media content

• Is failed academically in formal education

• Has strong attachments to authority figures

Which of the following is a possible effect of under-socialisation?

• Strong conformity to societal expectations

• Acceptance of dominant cultural norms

• Difficulty distinguishing right from wrong

• Increased academic success

Under-socialisation is most likely to occur when:

• An individual is exposed to multiple and conflicting cultural expectations

• Primary and secondary agents of socialisation fail to effectively transmit norms and values

• A person chooses to reject mainstream norms after experiencing injustice

• Peer groups have a stronger influence than family in shaping behaviour

Marginalisation can be best described as:

• A belief in cultural superiority

• Full participation in mainstream society

• Strong identification with national values

• Social and economic exclusion from power and opportunities

People who are marginalised may turn to deviance because:

• They lack a legitimate outlet for frustration and needs

• They have no personal goals

• They are unaware of social norms

• They enjoy conflict with society

Which condition would most likely contribute to marginalisation?

• Equal access to employment

• Political representation

• Long-term unemployment and lack of support

• Educational success and mobility

Cultural deprivation refers to the lack of:

• Basic physical needs like food and water

• Material resources like income and housing

• Government support programs

• Skills, norms, and knowledge valued by mainstream institutions