What is the goal of treating patients with heart failure (HF) using neurohormonal antagonists, including angiotensin-converting inhibitors and β-adrenergic receptor antagonists?

• The goal is to facilitate ventricular recovery and prevent the development of clinical HF.

• The goal is to increase blood pressure and promote fluid retention.

• The goal is to accelerate heart rate and increase cardiac workload.

• The goal is to induce arrhythmias and reduce cardiac output.

Which stage of heart failure (according to ACC/AHA) is characterized by asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction?

• Stage B

• Stage A

• Stage C

• Stage D

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a neurohormonal antagonist used in the management of heart failure?

• Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

• β-adrenergic receptor antagonists

• Calcium channel blockers

• Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists

Management of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is heavily focused on hemodynamic stabilization, decongestion, and institution of appropriate disease-modifying therapy.

• True

• False

What may be considered for patients with advanced or refractory heart failure (ACC/AHA stage D) when the risk of mortality is high?

• Cardiac transplant or mechanical circulatory support may be considered.

• Beta-blocker therapy should be initiated in all cases.

• Lifestyle modification alone is sufficient.

• Antibiotic therapy is the primary treatment.

According to the diagram on Heterogeneity of ADHF: Management Principles, which therapy is recommended for hypertensive acute decompensation (usually not volume overloaded)?

• Diuretics

• Vasodilators

• Inotropic therapy

• Mechanical circulatory support

According to the diagram on Heterogeneity of ADHF: Management Principles, which therapy is recommended for normotensive acute decompensation (usually volume overloaded)?

• Vasodilators

• Opiates

• Diuretics

• Inotropic therapy

According to the diagram on Heterogeneity of ADHF: Management Principles, which of the following is a high-risk feature in hypertensive acute decompensation?

• Renal insufficiency

• CNS injury

• Cool extremities

• Pulmonary congestion

According to the diagram on Heterogeneity of ADHF: Management Principles, which therapy is recommended for severe pulmonary congestion with hypoxia?

• Opiates

• Vasodilators

• Diuretics

• All of the above

According to the diagram on Heterogeneity of ADHF: Management Principles, what is a clinical feature of hypoperfusion with end-organ dysfunction?

• High blood pressure

• Cool extremities

• Pulmonary embolism

• Arrhythmia