RENAL CIRCULATION AND INNERVATION OF BLADDER

What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney from entry to exit

• Renal artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Renal vein

• Renal artery → Efferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Afferent arteriole → Renal vein

• Renal artery → Renal vein → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole

• Renal vein → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Renal artery

Which vessel directly feeds the glomerular capillaries?

• Efferent arteriole

• Afferent arteriole

• interlobar artery

• Vasa recta

Blood is finally drained from the renal cortex into which vessel?

• Interlobular vein → Arcuate vein → Interlobar vein → Renal vein

• Interlobar vein → Arcuate vein → Interlobular vein → Renal vein

• Arcuate vein → Interlobar vein → Interlobular vein → Renal vein

• Vasa recta → Arcuate vein → Interlobular vein → Renal vein

What proportion of the cardiac output do the renal arteries receive at rest?

• 20–25%

• 10–15%

• 30–35%

• 5–10%

Which nerve carries the parasympathetic fibers that contract the detrusor muscle during micturition?

• Hypogastric nerve

• Sacral splanchnic nerve

• Pudendal nerve

• Pelvic splanchnic nerve

Stimulation of the hypogastric nerve results in which of the following actions?

• Voluntary control of the external sphincter

• Relaxation of internal urethral sphincter

• Relaxation of detrusor and contraction of internal sphincter

• Contraction of detrusor muscle

Which nerve provides somatic innervation to the external urethral sphincter for voluntary control?

• Pudendal nerve

• Pelvic splanchnic nerve

• Hypogastric nerve

• Sacral sympathetic outflow

The “guarding reflex” during an increase in intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., cough) is mediated by:

• Pelvic splanchnic nerve

• Hypogastric nerve

• Pudendal nerve

• All of the above

Parasympathetic fibers to the bladder originate from which spinal segments?

• T11–L2

• L1–L2

• S2–S4

• L2–S1

Sensory (afferent) signals regarding bladder fullness travel primarily through which pathway?

• Pudendal somatic fibers

• Pelvic parasympathetic nerves

• Hypogastric sympathetic fibers

• Somatic branches of L1–L2