10.1 Graphs and Table-Medium

To understand how expressions of anger in reviews of products affect readers of those reviews, business  scholar  Dezhi  Yin  and  colleagues  measured  study  participants'responses  to  three versions of the same negative review—a control review expressing no anger,a review expressing a high  degree  of anger,and  a  review  expressing  a  low  degree  of  anger.Reviewing  the  data,a student concludes that the mere presence of anger in a review may not negatively affect readers' perceptions of the review,but a high degree of anger in a review does worsen readers'perceptions of the review.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the student's conclusion?

• A.On  average,participants'ratings  of  the  helpfulness  of  the  review  were  substantially  higher  than were participants'ratings of the reviewed product regardless of which type  of review participants had seen.

• B.Compared with participants who saw the control review,participants who saw the low-anger review  rated  the  review  as  slightly  more  helpful,whereas  participants  who  saw  the high-anger review rated the review as less helpful.

• C.Participants who  saw  the  low-anger  review  rated  the  review  as  slightly  more  helpful  than participants who saw the control review did,but participants'attitude toward the reviewed product was slightly worse when participants saw the low-anger review than when they saw the no-anger review.

• D.Compared   with  participants   who   saw   the   low-anger   review,participants   who   saw   the high-anger review rated the review as less helpful and had a less positive attitude toward the reviewed product.

In  high  concentrations,hydrogen   sulfide(H2S)is  typically  toxic  to  many  plants.Frederick  D. Dooley and colleagues wanted to understand what effects low doses of H2S might have on plant growth.They  treated  bean,corn,wheat,and  pea  seeds  with  various  concentrations(measured  in micromoles  per  liter)of  H2S  and  tracked  the  germination  of  those   seeds  along  with  the germination of untreated  seeds.Treatment with particular concentrations of H2S was associated with accelerated germination:for example,              

 Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

• A.    at  168  hours,more  than  90%of  seeds  treated  with  H2S  at  concentrations  of  10  or  500 micromoles  per  liter  had   germinated,whereas   less  than   70%of  untreated   seeds   had germinated.

• B. at 48   hours,approximately   50%of   seeds   treated   with   H2S   at   a   concentration   of   10 micromoles per  liter had  germinated,whereas  only  approximately  30%of untreated  seeds had germinated.

• C.at 24 hours,less than  10%of seeds treated with H2S at a concentration of 10 micromoles per

  liter had germinated,whereas more than 90%of those seeds had germinated at  168 hours.

• D. at 48 hours,more than  70%of seeds treated with H2S  at  a  concentration  of 10 micromoles per  liter  had  germinated,whereas  only  approximately  50%of  untreated   seeds  had germinated.

After a volcanic eruption spilled lava into North Pacific Ocean waters,a dramatic increase of diatoms(a kind of phytoplankton)near the surface occurred.Scientists assumed the diatoms were thriving on nutrients such as phosphate from the lava,but analysis showed these nutrients weren't present near the surface in forms diatoms can consume.However,there was an abundance of usable nitrate,a nuvtrient usually found in much deeper water and almost never found in lava. Microbial oceanographer Sonya Dyhrman and colleagues believe that as the lava plunged nearly 300 meters below the surface it dislodged pockets of this nutrient,releasing it to float upward, given that             

 

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

• A. at 5-45 meters below the surface,the average concentration of phosphate was about the same in the seawater in the lava-affected area as in the seawater outside of the lava-affected area.

• B.for both depth ranges measured,the average concentrations of nitrate were  substantially higher  in  the  seawater  in  the  lava-affected  area  than  in  the  seawater  outside  of the lava-affected area.

• C.for  both  depth  ranges  measured  in  the  seawater  in  the  lava-affected  area,the  average concentrations of nitrate were substantially higher than the average concentrations of phosphate.

• D. In the  seawater  outside  of the  lava-affected area,there was little change in the  average concentration of nitrate from 75-125 meters below the surface to 5-45 meters below the surface.

Digital paywalls restrict  access  to  online  content  to those with  a  paid  subscription.In  an investigation of the effect of paywalls on newspaper company revenues for print and digital subscriptions and advertising,Doug J.Chung and colleagues compared actual outcomes(with a paywall)to control estimates(without a paywall).The researchers concluded that introducing a paywall is generally more beneficial for larger newspapers,which have high circulation and tend to offer a substantial amount of unique online content.

 

Which choice best describes data from the table that support Chung and colleagues'conclusion?

• A.The Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times had similar total revenue changes,but the Los Angeles Times had a smaller percentage change.

• B.The Los Angeles Times had a 12.5%revenue change,while the Chicago Tribune had a 19% revenue change.

• C.    The New York Times had a 20%revenue change,while The Denver Post had a-1%revenue change.

• D.The Denver Post had only a-1%revenue change,which was the smallest percentage change of the selected companies.

  
  

To investigate the influence of certain estrogen-responsive neurons on energy expenditure,  biologist Stephanie Correa et al.treated female and male mice with either saline solution or  clozapine-N4-oxide(CNO),which activates the neurons.Monitoring the activity levels of the  mice by measuring how frequently the animals broke infrared beams crossing their enclosures, Correa et al.found that the mice in their study showed sex-specific differences in response to  neuron activation:              

 

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the assertion?

• A.the four groups of mice differed greatly in their activity levels before treatment but showed identical activity levels at the end of the monitoring period.

• B.CNO-treated females showed a substantial increase and then decline in activity over the monitoring period,whereas CNO-treated males showed a substantial decline in activity followed by a steep increase.

• C.    saline-treated females showed substantially more activity at certain points in the monitoring

  period than saline-treated males did.

• D.CNO-treated   females   showed   more   activity  relative   to   saline-treated   females   than CNO-treated males showed relative to saline-treated males.

All  other  things  being  equal,the  larger  a  wind  turbine's  rotor  diameter(the  diameter  of  the imaginary circle swept by the turbine's rotating blades),the greater amount of energy the turbine can generate.In a research paper on wind power,a student claims that in the United States,the amount of energy generated per newly installed turbine increased substantially between 2011 and 2021.

 Which choice best describes data in the graph that support the student's claim?

• A. In 2011,nearly  80%of  turbines   installed  had  rotor  diameters   of  less   than   100   meters, whereas only a little more than 20%of turbines installed that year had rotor diameters of 100-115meters.

• B. No turbines  installed  in  2011  had  rotor  diameters  greater  than  115  meters,whereas  the majority of turbines installed in 2021 had rotor diameters greater than 130 meters.

• C. Most turbines  installed  in 2011 had rotor  diameters of less than  100 meters,whereas most turbines installed in 2021 had rotor diameters of at least 115meters.

• D. The  percentage  of  newly  installed  turbines  with  rotor  diameters  greater  than   130  meters increased every year between 2011 and 2021.

Guilds—local associations of artisans and merchants in the same industry—were widespread in France from the medieval period until the late eighteenth century.But guilds were much more numerous relative to the population in some cities than in others:for example,             

 

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

• A.there were 49 guilds in Bordeaux but 72 guilds in Lyon despite the two cities having nearly equal numbers of inhabitants.

• B. Paris had 133 guilds and 600,000 inhabitants,or one guild for every 4,511 inhabitants.

• C.there was one guild  for every  661  inhabitants in Rouen but one guild  for  every 4,511 inhabitants in Paris.

• D.Lyon had far fewer inhabitants than Paris did but had many more guilds.

Gabrielle  Adams  and  colleagues  reviewed  suggestions  for  improving  a  university  that  had  been submitted  to  the  university's  president.They  coded  each  suggestion  as  aditive  (the  idea  sugested adding   something  new  to  the  university),subtractive   (the  idea   suggested  removing   something from  the university),neither  additive  nor  subtractive,or  invalid  (the  idea  was  not  comprehensible). The  data  illustrated  people's  tendency  to  overlook  the  possibility  of  removing  things  to  achieve improvements:

 

Which choice most effectively uses data in the graph to complete the statement?

• A.fewer  than   100   suggestions  were   coded   as  subtractive,whereas  more  than  550  suggestions were coded as additive.

• B.more  than  350  suggestions  were  coded  as  invalid,whereas  fewer  than   100  sugestions  were coded  as  subtractive.

• C.around  575  suggestions  were   coded  as  additive,whereas  around  175  suggestions  were   coded as   subtractive.

• D.around   175  suggestions  were  coded  as  neither  additive  nor  subtractive,whereas around  575 suggestions were coded as additive.

Flint artifacts dating to  800,000 to  1,000,000  years  ago have been recovered  from the  Evron Quarry in Israel.Likely created by the hominin Homo erectus,the artifacts have no visual features suggesting that they were exposed to fire,leading some scholars to conclude that these hominins had not acquired control of fire.But Zane Stepka and colleagues recently used a new method to determine whether these artifacts had been exposed to temperatures above 400℃ (the typical temperature campfires reach)and concluded that the hominins who inhabited the site may have had control of fire.

 

Which choice best describes data in the graph that support the team's conclusion?

• A.All of the artifacts were exposed to temperatures above  100℃.

• B.Artifacts  L5_239  and  K3_ 18  were  exposed  to  temperatures  of  approximately  550℃  and 650℃,respectively.

• C.Artifact K3_9 was exposed to a higher temperature than was artifact K5_ 106.

• D.Artifacts K5_ 106 and K3_9 were exposed to temperatures above 400℃.

The Ramayana,composed in Sanskrit and dated variously from 500 BCE to 100 BCE,is one of the most influential epics in world literature.It is often compared to the Iliad and the Odyssey,the classical Greek epics that depict the Trojan War and its aftermath.All three epics explore themes such as love,loyalty,and the struggle between good and evil,and feature a range of divine and human  characters.However,the  Ramayana             

 

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

• A. is longer than both the Iliad and the Odyssey,as it contains about 24,000 lines of verse,while the Iliad and the Odyssey contain about 15,000 and 12,000 lines respectively.

• B. is closer  in  length  to  the  Aeneid,another  notable  work  of  ancient  Greek  literature,which contains about 9,800 lines of verse.

• C. is slightly  shorter  than  the  Iliad,which  contains  about   15,000  lines  of  verse,but  is  longer than the Odyssey,which contains about 12,000 lines of verse.

• D. is significantly shorter than both the Iliad and the Odyssey,as it contains only 3,600 lines of

  verse,while the Iliad and the Odyssey contain about 15,000 and 12,000 lines respectively.