221 middle adulthood

Which trend best reflects the “rectangularization” of the age distribution in modern societies?

• Fewer older adults relative to young adults

• Greater mortality rates in early adulthood

• More similar percentages of people across age groups

• Increase in teenage population

What primary factors contribute to the increasing proportion of middle-aged individuals in the population?

• Rising birth rates and declining life expectancy

• Improved sanitation and public education

• Advances in health, longevity, and lower fertility rates

• Economic downturns and delayed adulthood

Which physical change is commonly observed during middle adulthood?

• Increase in height

• Decrease in weight

• Progressive bone gain

• Loss of height and weight gain

What is sarcopenia?

• The hardening of bone cartilage

• Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength

• Cognitive decline associated with aging

• A disorder of the nervous system

“Sarcopenic obesity” is best described as:

• Obesity occurring in adolescence

• Sarcopenia without significant health risk

• Loss of muscle mass with excess fat accumulation

• Obesity caused by high bone density

Which of the following is a recommended strategy to slow age-related muscle decline?

• Increased sleep

• Resistance training

• Vitamin A supplementation

• Low-protein diets

Which gender experiences bone loss at a faster rate in middle adulthood?

• Males

• Females

• Both equally

• Neither

Why are tendons and ligaments less efficient in middle adulthood?

• Reduced nerve conductivity

• Decreased elasticity and hydration

• Increase in muscle mass

• Higher bone density

A person in middle adulthood is likely to notice:

• Increased perceptual speed

• Sharpened vision and hearing

• Joint stiffness and reduced flexibility

• Improved spatial coordination

The indirect link between stress and cardiovascular disease is often mediated by:

• Dietary supplements

• Psychotherapy

• Stress-related behaviors (e.g. smoking, overeating)

• Exercise routines