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• The International Center for the Arts of the Americas (ICAA) is directed by Mari Carmen Ramírez.
• Ramírez oversaw an initiative to create an online archive of Latino American and historical visual art.
• The ICAA digitized over 10,000 documents, including the writings of Latino American and Latino artists and critics.
• The creation of the archive didn’t require historical documents to be removed from their countries of origin. • Scholars now have more access to these documents.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the ICAA’s archive being digital. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

• A) Over 10,000 documents related to the history of Latino American and Latino visual art are part of the ICAA archive

• B) By offering online versions of historical documents, the ICAA’s archive provides more access to these materials without removing them from their countries of origin.

• C) Among the historical documents in the ICAA’s archive are the writings of Latino American and Latino artists and critics.

• D) The ICAA’s director, Mari Carmen Ramírez, oversaw the creation of an online archive of historical documents related to Latino American and Latino visual art.

• The Santa Catalina Mountains are a mountain range located in the southwestern United States.
• The range is one of the dozens of “sky islands” in the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico.
• A sky island is an isolated mountain range whose environment differs drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands.
• The US Forest Service (USFS) said, “The mountains are ‘islands’ surrounded by deserts that are ‘seas.’”
• The USFS said, “Each sky island is a unique ecosystem.”
The student wants to explain what a sky island is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

• A) The USFS considers the Santa Catalina Mountains to be a “unique ecosystem.”

• B) A sky island is an isolated mountain range, such as the Santa Catalina Mountains in the southwestern US, whose environment differs drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands.

• C) The Santa Catalina Mountains, which are considered to be a sky island, are located in the southwestern US.

• D) The Santa Catalina Mountains are an isolated mountain range located in the southwestern United States whose environment differs drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands.

• In 1965, Yale University historians claimed that a world map called the Vinland Map was drawn in the fifteenth century.
• Since that time, the map’s age has been the subject of debate. • In 2021, researchers conducted a study to analyze the elemental composition of the map’s ink.
• Their analysis revealed that the ink contains a titanium compound not used in inks until the 1920s.
• The researchers concluded that the map was drawn in the twentieth century.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

• A) Given the debate about the Vinland Map’s age, researchers in 2021 conducted a study to analyze the elemental composition of the map’s ink.

• B) A 2021 study of the Vinland Map’s ink revealed that it contains a titanium compound not used in inks until the 1920s, indicating that the map was drawn in the twentieth century

• C) The Vinland Map, believed by some to have been drawn in the fifteenth century, was the focus of a 2021 study

• D) Aware that a certain titanium compound was not used in inks until the 1920s, researchers in 2021 studied the elemental composition of the Vinland Map’s ink.

● Ynés Mexía was a Mexican American botanist.
● Between 1917 and 1938, she collected over 150,000 botanical samples throughout the Americas.
● She collected a sample Achyrocline vauthieriana in Minas Gerais, Brazil, on May 3, 1930.
● She collected a sample of Vernonia liatroides in Jalisco, Mexico, on February 14, 1927.
● These specimens are members of the Asteraceae family.
● They can now be viewed online at the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize when she collected both of the samples?

• A) Thousands of botanical samples collected by Ynés Mexía can now be found in one place: online at the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium.

• B) On May 3 in 1930, Ynés Mexía added a new specimen to her growing collection of botanical samples: Achyrocline vauthieriana of the Asteraceae family

• C) While both specimens collected by Ynés Mexía are members of the same family, Achyrocline vauthieriana was found in Minas Gerais and Vernonia liatroides was found in Jalisco.

• D) Ynés Mexía collected a sample of Achyrocline vauthieriana in May of 1930, after collecting Vernonia liatroides in February of 1927.

In the early 1970s, Albert Popa took up graffiti art, spraying his work onto what was at the time an unconventional surface: concrete. ___ Albert’s son David has chosen an unusual canvas for his new art project, Fractured. In this remarkable work, the artist draws charcoal faces onto fragmented ice floes in Finland, creating the visual effect of a face slowly fracturing.

• A) However,

• B) Indeed,

• C) Second,

• D) Likewise,

In a 2022 analysis of 200 terms, researchers found a broad pattern of valence-dependent mutation in which negative adjectives saw a faster rate of cognate replacement—the rate at which a word will be replaced over time with a noncognate form—than other words. ___ the adjective “illegal” would be expected to mutate faster than the noun “debt.”

• A) Thus,

• B) Meanwhile,

• C) However,

• D) Moreover,

Ecologists like David N.M. Mbora use trophic pyramids to illustrate the food chain within a given ecosystem. At a typical pyramid’s base are primary producers, like plants, followed by herbivores at the second trophic level, then omnivores and carnivores at the third. ___ at the fourth, highest trophic level are apex predators, like tigers, that feed on the animals below.

• A) In fact,

• B) Besides,

• C) For example,

• D) Lastly,

Scholars Tammy Kernodle and Paul Austerlitz have lent their expertise on Black history and music to an important new project: the Timeline of African American Music, a digital ___ through a rich combination of text, images, and music clips, traces the development of specific musical genres (such as funk and swing).

• A) resource, that

• B) resource, that,

• C) resource that,

• D) resource that

The liquid compounds ethanol (C₂H₅OH) and hexafluorobenzene (C₆F₆) have molar masses of 46.07 and 186.06 ___ mass helps convert between the mass of the reactants and the mass of the product).

• A) g/mol (respectively, in stoichiometry, molar

• B) g/mol, respectively (in stoichiometry, molar

• C) g/mol, respectively, (in stoichiometry, molar

• D) g/mol. Respectively, in stoichiometry (molar

Cut, bent, and welded from discarded metal materials, the sculptures of London-based Nigerian artist Sokari Douglas Camp are meant to challenge viewers to consider their own relationships to material ___ her thought-provoking works in the 1985 to 1988 exhibition Alali at the October Gallery in London were no different.

• A) wastes

• B) wastes,

• C) wastes;

• D) wastes and to