Which of the following organisms is most commonly associated with emphysematous pyelonephritis?

• Escherichia coli

• Klebsiella pneumoniae

• Proteus mirabilis

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Which imaging modality is most sensitive for detecting renal abscess?

• Ultrasound

• Plain KUB

• CT with contrast

• MRI without contrast

Which of the following is a major risk factor for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis?

• Immunosuppression

• Diabetes mellitus

• Nephrolithiasis

• Vesicoureteral reflux

Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

• GFR <90 mL/min/1.73m² for 3 months

• GFR <60 mL/min/1.73m² for 3 months

• GFR <30 mL/min/1.73m² for 6 months

• Creatinine >2.0 mg/dL for 1 month

In CKD, which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly seen?

• Hypokalemia

• Hypernatremia

• Hyperkalemia

• Hypophosphatemia

Which of the following is the earliest marker of renal damage in diabetic nephropathy?

• Serum creatinine elevation

• Decrease in GFR

• Microalbuminuria

• Hyperkalemia

Which of the following findings is most suggestive of acute pyelonephritis?

• WBC casts in urine

• Hyaline casts

• Red blood cell casts

• Granular casts

Which stage of AKI is defined by an increase in serum creatinine ≥3 times baseline?

• Stage 1

• Stage 2

• Stage 3

• None of the above

A 65-year-old diabetic male presents with fever and flank pain. Imaging shows gas in the renal parenchyma. What is the most likely diagnosis?

• Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

• Papillary necrosis

• Emphysematous pyelonephritis

• Renal tuberculosis

Which of the following medications can cause prerenal acute kidney injury?

• ACE inhibitors

• Furosemide

• NSAIDs

• All of the above