Pediatric dysphagia

What is the main focus of the article 'Acute Pediatric Dysphagia: When Ingestion of a Foreign Body or Caustic Material Is Not the Cause'?

• The article focuses on rare causes of acute pediatric dysphagia other than the more common cause of foreign body or caustic material ingestion.

• The article discusses only the treatment of caustic material ingestion in children.

• The article reviews common symptoms of food allergies in pediatric patients.

• The article is about chronic dysphagia management in adults.

Achalasia is characterized by which of the following?

• Excessive peristalsis and normal lower esophageal sphincter function

• Absent lower esophageal peristalsis and dysfunction in the lower esophageal sphincter

• Inflammation of the upper esophagus

• Obstruction due to foreign body

The majority of pediatric patients with achalasia present with vomiting and dysphagia, with occasional regurgitation of undigested food.

• True

• False

What is the preferred test to exclude achalasia in pediatric patients?

• Manometry is the preferred test to exclude achalasia.

• Barium swallow is the preferred test to exclude achalasia.

• Endoscopy is the preferred test to exclude achalasia.

• pH monitoring is the preferred test to exclude achalasia.

What is the diagnosis shown in Figure 1?

• Achalasia

• Esophageal cancer

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

• Esophageal stricture

What is the minimum number of eosinophils per high-power field required for the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis?

• 15 eosinophils

• 5 eosinophils

• 30 eosinophils

• 50 eosinophils

The esophagram is a reliable means of diagnosing eosinophilic esophagitis because it is always abnormal in biopsy-confirmed cases.

• True

• False

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical symptom of eosinophilic esophagitis?

• Dysphagia

• Chronic cough

• Headache

• Food impaction

According to the text, what is the definitive treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis if proton pump inhibitor therapy fails?

• Antibiotics

• Corticosteroids

• Surgery

• Antihistamines

Figure 2 shows a right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. What radiographic finding is indicated by the arrow in image A?

• A right aortic arch

• A left aortic arch

• A double aortic arch

• A coarctation of the aorta