According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, which of the following is considered a "hygiene factor"?

• Recognition

• Salary

• Responsibility

• Achievement

Frederick Taylor's theory of scientific management focused primarily on:

• Employee satisfaction

• Social interaction among workers

• Increasing efficiency through job specialization and time-and-motion studies

• Empowering employees to make decisions

The "Hawthorne effect" suggests that employees are more productive when:

• Their work environment is brightly lit.

• They are paid higher wages.

• They know they are being observed and feel special.

• They have more autonomy in their work.

Which of the following is NOT one of the needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

• Physiological needs

• Esteem needs

• Cognitive needs

• Self-actualization needs

The idea that a person's motivation is determined by their belief that effort will lead to performance, and that performance will lead to a desired outcome, is the basis of:

• Equity Theory

• Expectancy Theory

• Goal-Setting Theory

• Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

According to McGregor's Theory X, managers believe employees:

• Are naturally motivated and enjoy their work.

• Need to be closely controlled and threatened with punishment to perform effectively.

• Seek responsibility and are creative.

• Are capable of self-direction and self-control.

Job enrichment is a motivational strategy that involves:

• Giving employees more tasks to do.

• Increasing the number of similar tasks in a job.

• Giving employees more authority, responsibility, and control over their work.

• Moving employees from one job to another to add variety.

Which motivational theory emphasizes the importance of fairness and a balance between an employee's contributions and the rewards they receive?

• Expectancy Theory

• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• Equity Theory

• Reinforcement Theory

Goal-Setting Theory states that motivation and performance are enhanced when goals are:

• Vague and non-committal.

• Extremely easy to achieve.

• Specific, difficult, and accompanied by feedback.

• Assigned by a manager without employee input.

A manager who uses positive reinforcement, such as praising an employee for a job well done, is applying principles from which motivational theory?

• Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

• Expectancy Theory

• Reinforcement Theory

• Goal-Setting Theory