Chapt-5

Are small soluble protein that regulate the immune system, orchestrating both innate immunity and adaptive response to infection.

These chemical messengers, produced by several different types of cells, have activity-modulating effects on the hematopoietic and immune systems through activation of cell bound receptor proteins.

Were originally thought to act solely on cells of the immune system, but it soon became apparent that many also act on cells outside the immune system

Involved in the innate immune response are

responsible for many of the physical symptoms attributed

to inflammation, such as fever, swelling, pain, and cellular

infiltrates into damaged tissues.

Involved in triggering this response are interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, chemokines, transforming growth factor-beta, and interferons-alpha and beta.

In extreme circumtances, massive overproduction and dysregulation produces a _ that leads to shock, multiorgan failure, or even death, thus contributing to pathogenesis.

Are unrelated cytokines that must satisfy three criteria in order to be classified as _ ; They must have had their genes cloned, They must be inducinle in leukocytes, and their biological activities in inflammatory proceses must be catalogued.

Nature of cytokine activity relates to the widespread distribution of cytokine receptors on many cell types and the ability of cytokines to alter expression of numerous genes. (Having many different effects)

The most basic test is the _, which employs the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique on in vitro activated peripheral white blood cells.

Were able to function only for short periods of time before the host mounted an immune response against them.