Which effect accounts for a majority of DNA damage from ionizing radiation?

• Direct Effects

• Indirect Effects

• Deterministic Effects

• Stochastic Effects

Which of the following is related to stochastic effects?

• Lethal DNA damage

• There is a threshold

• Severity is related to dose

• Probability is related to dose

Regarding dental x-rays, we are most concerned about:

• Deterministic effects

• Stochastic effects

• Both

• Neither

Which of the following cell types is the most radioresistant?

• Muscle cells

• Skin Cells

• Gonads

• Liver

List the following cells from most RADIORESISTANT to most RADIOSENSITIVE

• Small lymphocyte, muscle, skin, thyroid gland

• Thyroid gland, small lymphocyte, muscle, skin,

• Muscle, small lymphocyte, skin, thyroid gland

• Muscle, thyroid gland, skin, small lymphocyte

Could a dental x-ray in a typical dental setting cause congenital malformations in an embryo or fetus?

• Yes

• No

• Unknown

Could a dental x-ray in a typical dental setting cause cancer in an embryo or fetus?

• Yes

• No

• Unknown

What best describes the Linear No-Threshold model?

• That deterministic effects have a threshold and severity increases as dose increases

• That stochastic effects have a threshold and severity increases as dose increases

• That deterministic effects have no threshold and probability increases as dose increases

• That stochastic effects have no threshold and probability increases as dose increases

What units are used to describe dose

• Roentgen and Sievert

• Sievert and Gray

• Gray and Roentgen

• Sievert only

What is the average annual effective natural background dose of ionizing radiation?

• 3 SV

• 6 Sv

• 3 mSv

• 6 mSv