Plant Biology Concepts and Processes

What is the primary output of photosynthesis for plants, besides energy?

• Carbon dioxide

• Water

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

Which type of plant, still existing today, was among the earliest land plants and reproduced by spores?

• Angiosperms

• Scale trees

• Lycophytes

• Green algae

The Carboniferous Period is named due to the abundance of what?

• Carbon-based life forms

• Coal forests

• Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

• Carbon dating techniques

What are the primary components of a plant cell wall?

• Cellulose and lignin

• Glucose and starch

• Proteins and lipids

• DNA and RNA

What is the primary function of the rigid cell wall in plant cells?

• Storing excess water and nutrients.

• Providing structural support and protection.

• Facilitating rapid movement and flexibility.

• Synthesizing proteins and lipids.

Why are humans unable to extract nutritional value from cellulose and lignin found in plants?

• These compounds are toxic to the human digestive system.

• Human digestive systems lack the necessary enzymes or bacteria to break them down.

• Cellulose and lignin are too large to be absorbed by human intestines.

• They are rapidly oxidized before digestion can occur.

What structural feature of plastids and mitochondria provides evidence for their origin as absorbed bacteria?

• Their ability to produce energy.

• Their presence only in plant cells.

• Their double membrane.

• Their large size relative to other organelles.

How does the central vacuole primarily contribute to the structural support of a plant?

• By storing genetic information for cell division.

• By synthesizing complex carbohydrates for energy.

• By maintaining turgor pressure against the cell wall.

• By regulating the flow of materials into and out of the cell.