The Renaissance is considered the beginning of modern European History.

• True

• False

Where did the Renaissance first occur around 1300?

• France

• England

• Italy

• Spain

The Renaissance spread to Northern Europe around _____

• 1450

• 1200

• 1600

• 1800

In England, the Renaissance did not begin until the ____ century and lasted until the early ____ century.

• 16th, 17th

• 15th, 16th

• 14th, 15th

• 17th, 18th

Who claimed the Renaissance period stood in distinct contrast to the Middle Ages?

• Jacob Burckhardt

• Karl Marx

• Leonardo Bruni

• Petrarch

Renaissance culture applied almost exclusively to the upper classes.

• True

• False

What term describes the rule of merchant aristocracies that controlled much of Italy by 1300?

• Signori

• Oligarchies

• Commenda

• Monarchies

A contract between a merchant and a 'merchant-adventurer' to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds is called a _____?

• Commenda

• Bill of Exchange

• Chattel Mortgage

• Letter of Credit

What did competition among city-states mean for Italy politically during the Renaissance?

• Italy did not unify politically.

• Italy became a single powerful kingdom.

• Italy was ruled by a foreign empire.

• Italy established a national parliament.

What is the term for mercenary generals of private armies who were hired by cities for military purposes in Renaissance Italy?

• Condottieri

• Podestà

• Signori

• Doges