What was a significant characteristic of the native populations of the Americas before European contact?

• They were largely uniform in their social and political structures.

• Their societies were primarily nomadic, with little agricultural development.

• They were diverse and varied, with geography playing a key role in their development.

• They lacked complex social hierarchies and economic systems.

How did the widespread cultivation of maize impact indigenous societies in the Americas?

• It led to a decline in population due to over-reliance on a single crop.

• It fostered nomadic lifestyles as communities followed fertile lands.

• It contributed to the development of larger, more complex, and sedentary societies.

• It primarily served as a trade commodity with European explorers.

Which of the following accurately describes the lifestyle of the Ute people in the Great Basin and Great Plains regions?

• They were semi-sedentary, relying on maize cultivation and living in longhouses.

• They developed large urban centers with complex social hierarchies due to rich river valleys.

• They practiced a nomadic lifestyle, migrating seasonally and living in mobile shelters like tipis.

• They were an agricultural society where women had less social capital than men.

What was a primary economic motivation for European exploration in the Americas?

• To establish new religious missions.

• To gain wealth through new trade routes and resources.

• To expand political influence and glory.

• To find new lands for agricultural expansion.

Which technological innovation significantly aided European navigators in their long-distance voyages?

• The printing press

• The astrolabe

• The steam engine

• The telescope

What was the primary purpose of the Encomienda labor system implemented by the Spanish in the Americas?

• To provide protection and Christian education to indigenous populations.

• To establish self-governing indigenous communities.

• To force indigenous people into labor for Spanish colonists.

• To encourage voluntary trade relationships with European settlers.

What was the primary basis for social hierarchy in the Spanish colonial caste system?

• Economic wealth and land ownership

• Religious piety and devotion to the Church

• Racial purity and European ancestry

• Military prowess and leadership skills

How did the Protestant Reformation influence European exploration and colonization efforts?

• It led to a unified European front against non-Christian nations, fostering cooperation in exploration.

• It created religious divisions within Europe, prompting states to seek new territories to spread their specific Christian beliefs.

• It encouraged a focus on scientific discovery and secular pursuits, diverting attention from religious expansion.

• It resulted in a decline in religious fervor, making colonization primarily an economic venture.

How did the introduction of horses impact Indigenous groups in the Great Plains?

• It led to a decrease in hunting efficiency and reliance on agriculture.

• It significantly altered warfare tactics and increased violent conflict.

• It caused a decline in their population due to new diseases carried by horses.

• It primarily served as a new food source, replacing traditional staples.

What was a fundamental difference in worldview regarding land use between Europeans and Indigenous peoples?

• Europeans believed land was a communal resource, while Indigenous peoples believed in individual ownership.

• Indigenous peoples viewed land as a commodity for trade, while Europeans saw it as possessing spiritual qualities.

• Europeans believed land could be owned by individuals, while Indigenous peoples viewed it as a resource available to all with spiritual quality.

• Both groups shared the belief that land should be privately owned and exploited for profit.