Chap 1

What is "absolute poverty" and how prevalent is it globally? (Nghèo tuyệt đối là gì và phổ biến thế nào?)

• Inability to meet basic needs; >40% of world live on <$2/day

• Income below the society median; 20% of world

• Lack of access to internet; 30% of world

• Limited to rural areas only

How is economic development conceived in its multidimensional essence? (Phát triển kinh tế được hiểu theo bản chất đa chiều thế nào?)

• Only GDP growth matters

• Major social, institutional change + growth, equity, poverty eradication

• Focuses on foreign trade

• Defined as capital stock accumulation only

Who is a leading thinker on the meaning of development, and what is their key approach? (Ai là học giả hàng đầu về phát triển, cách tiếp cận chính là gì?)

• W.W. Rostow – Stages of Growth

• Amartya Sen – Capability Approach

• Arthur Lewis – Two-sector Model

• Adam Smith – Invisible Hand

What are the "Three Core Values of Development"? (Ba giá trị cốt lõi của phát triển là gì?)

• Wealth, Power, Status

• Sustenance, Self-esteem, Freedom

• Growth, Exports, Stability

• Technology, Innovation, Capital

What are the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? (Các Mục tiêu Thiên niên kỷ là gì?)

• Eight UN goals (2000–2015): poverty, education, gender, health, environment, global partnership

• Ten WTO trade liberalization goals

• OECD fiscal targets

• Eight industrial policy reforms

Give two specific targets under the MDG to "Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger." (Hai mục tiêu cụ thể để xóa nghèo & đói theo MDG?)

• Reduce illiteracy and unemployment

• Halve <$1/day population and halve hunger

• Eliminate corruption and child labor

• Double GDP and exports

Why is it important to study development economics? (Tại sao cần học kinh tế phát triển?)

• To forecast stock markets

• To address poverty, inequality, unemployment, and stagnation → growth

• To measure inflation only

• To compare military expenditures

How do "traditional economic measures" differ from the "new economic view of development"? (Đo lường truyền thống khác quan điểm mới thế nào?)

• Traditional = GNI growth only; New = includes social change, equity, poverty reduction

• Traditional = political stability; New = defense expansion

• Traditional = inequality only; New = trade liberalization

• Traditional = inflation; New = exports

Explain the concept of "economies as social systems." (“Kinh tế như hệ thống xã hội” nghĩa là gì?)

• Economic growth is independent of society

• Development shaped by social structures, attitudes, institutions

• Economy runs only by technology

• Politics irrelevant to growth

What role do "values" play in development economics? (Giá trị đóng vai trò gì trong kinh tế phát triển?)

• Guide priorities, reflect human goals and ethics

• Replace economic instit