Unit 2 Vocab

Polis

• 1. an ancient Greek city-state in the Peloponnese renowned for its highly disciplined, military-focused society and austere way of life

• the major urban centre of the notable polis of the same name during the classical period of ancient Greece

• 1. a city state in ancient Greece, especially as considered in its ideal form for philosophical purposes

Aqueduct

• an artificial channel for conveying water, typically in the form of a bridge across a valley or other gap.

• the practice of cultivating soil to grow plants and raise animals, producing food, fibers, and other resources for human use

• the process of artificially applying water to land to support plant growth, supplementing or replacing rainfall to enhance crop production, landscapes, and lawns

• a human-made waterway built for various purposes, including shipping and transportation, irrigation of crops, and supplying water to cities

Aristocracy

• a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

• a form of government and a societal class where power is held by a small, privileged group, often hereditary nobles, based on wealth, birth, or merit, as opposed to the general population

• a system of government by the whole population, typically through elected representatives

• a political system where citizens vote directly on laws and policies, rather than electing representatives to make those decisions for them

Oligarchy

• a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god

• a political system where citizens vote directly on laws and policies, rather than electing representatives to make decisions on their behalf

• a form of government with a monarch at the head

• a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

Democracy

• a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state

• a political system where citizens vote directly on laws and policies, rather than electing representatives to make decisions on their behalf

• a form of society without rulers

• a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution

Alliance

• hostile behavior; unfriendliness or opposition

• a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution

• a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations

• the friendly and generous treatment and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers

Republic

• a form of government where supreme power rests with the citizens, who exercise it through elected representatives, rather than a hereditary monarch or dictator

• a form of government in which political power rests with the people, either directly or through freely elected representatives

• an economic and political system aiming to create a classless society through the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange, rather than private ownership

• a system of government by one person with absolute power

Empire

• a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government

• a government led by a monarch

• a large town

• an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority

Direct democracy

• a political system where citizens participate directly in decision-making on policy initiatives, laws, and regulations, rather than through elected representatives

• a system of democratic governance where the executive branch derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature

• a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state

• a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives

Cultural Diffusion

• the principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood and evaluated within the context of their own culture, rather than judged by the standards of another

• the process by which ideas, beliefs, customs, and cultural traits spread from their place of origin to other cultures, influencing their development and integration

• the ability to effectively and respectfully interact with people from diverse cultural backgrounds by understanding, appreciating, and responding to their values, beliefs, and practices

• describes the differences in beliefs, values, behaviors, customs, and material traits among various human groups and societies, leading to unique ways of life adapted to different environments, resources, and historical contexts