Plato's concept of the "just self" is achieved when which parts of the soul are in harmony, with one part guiding the others?

Rational, Spirited, and Appetitive

Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious

Vegetative, Sensitive, and Rational

How does Aristotle's view of the soul primarily differ from Plato's dualism?

Aristotle saw the soul as the "form" united with the body

Aristotle believed the soul is entirely separate from the body

Aristotle focused solely on the body, disregarding the soul

Aristotle argued the soul is an illusion

For St. Augustine, what was the primary path to finding truth and the presence of God within, emphasizing an inner journey?

Self-reflection and introspection

How does Descartes' "Cogito, Ergo Sum" ("I think, Therefore I Am") establish the existence of the self?

By showing that doubting is a proof of thinking and hence, existence

By proving the existence of the body first then doubt everything to prove the existence

By relying on sensory experiences alone

By establishing the self as an extended thing

What is the basis of personal identity according to John Locke, distinct from a permanent substance?

The continuity of consciousness and memory

The physical body and its attributes

The external judgments of others

How did Immanuel Kant reconcile rationalism and empiricism in his view of the self?

He proposed that the self is an active, organizing principle that synthesizes sensory input into coherent experience

He rejected both rationalism and empiricism

He argued that the mind passively receives sensory input

He believed the self is purely a product of sensory experience and thus making rationality and experience come together

According to Gilbert Ryle, how should the "self" be understood, rejecting the idea of a hidden mind?

As the sum of our behaviors which are observable

As a hidden mind or soul separate from the body

As a purely internal, unobservable entity

As a continuity of consciousness and memory

What is the core idea behind Maurice Merleau-Ponty's concept of the "lived body" as the self?

The self as the consciousness is not separate from our physical body, but rather our total, unified, lived experience

The self is solely a product of the mind

The self is separate from physical experience

The self is an illusion created by societal norms

Plato's concept of the three parts of the soul suggests that an individual achieving inner peace and justice would mean what?

The rational soul effectively guiding the spirited and appetitive souls in harmony

Suppressing all desires and emotions and allow rationality to solely govern the three parts

Allowing emotions to override reason while suppressing our desires

The appetitive soul dominating all other parts

How does St. Augustine's Christian perspective on the self, particularly his view of the self as intimately linked with God, influence one's approach to earthly desires?

It suggests that the soul should yearn for communion with the Divine

It encourages complete indulgence in bodily pleasures

It means the body is the ultimate source of truth since it is ultimately linked with God

It suggests the body and soul are perfectly aligned and equal

Descartes' distinction between the "Res Cogitans" (thinking thing) and "Res Extensa" (extended thing) implies what about the nature of the self?

The self is fundamentally a non-material, conscious mind separate from the body

The self is primarily the mind while the body is just an illusion

The self is reducible to material processes like aging and death

The self is an illusion created by sensory experience and hence, there is no permanent self

If someone completely loses their memory due to an accident, how might John Locke's philosophy interpret the impact on their personal identity?

Their personal identity, as constituted by memory, would be significantly impacted or lost

Their identity would remain completely intact as it is based on a permanent substance, the body

Their identity would be defined by their new behaviors

Their identity would be determined by their unconscious drives

Why did David Hume conclude that there is "no permanent self"?

Because he argued that all knowledge comes from experience, and the self is merely a changing collection of perceptions that appear and disappear

Because he believed the self is an immortal soul

Because he found a stable, unchanging entity through introspection

Because he believed the self is purely physical and that it is intact as it is based on a permanent substance, the body

How does the "Transcendental Apperception" in Kant's philosophy suggest the self functions?

The self is an active, organizing principle that organizes external experiences

The self passively receives and records sensory data

The self is a fixed, unchanging substance that exists prior to experience

The self is solely a product of the physical brain

How do Paul and Patricia Churchland's views on "eliminative materialism" suggest we should approach understanding the self?

By understanding the self purely as the brain and its electrochemical processes

By focusing on traditional philosophical concepts like "soul" which navigates the entire body

By emphasizing the role of unconscious desires that helps manage our inner conflicts

By prioritizing self-reflection over scientific study

What is a fundamental disagreement between Descartes' emphasis on mind-body separation and Merleau-Ponty's view of the self?

Descartes emphasized the separation of mind and body, while Merleau-Ponty argued for their intertwining as a "lived body" where consciousness is not separate from physical experience

Descartes believed in innate ideas, while Merleau-Ponty did not

Descartes saw the self as a bundle of perceptions, while Merleau-Ponty saw it as a blank slate

Descartes focused on the unconscious, while Merleau-Ponty focused on reason

George Herbert Mead proposed that the self develops through a conversation between which two parts?

The Conscious and the Unconscious

The Rational and the Appetitive

Pierre Bourdieu introduced the concept of "habitus." What does habitus refer to?

Deeply ingrained dispositions, habits, and skills acquired through life experiences

Our conscious efforts to change society for the better

The economic resources we possess and use in order to change the future of our society

The stages of social development

How does sociology primarily seek to understand the self, in contrast to philosophy's typical inward focus?

By looking outward to understand how society shapes the self

By looking inward at individual thoughts then looking outward at the society

By focusing on personal introspection

According to the sociological perspective, how is the "self" primarily formed?

It is built and constantly shaped by social experiences and interactions with others

It is solely determined by genetics

It is fixed at birth and does not change because our society is also fixed and unchanging

It is an isolated individual construct

When Ralph Linton states that society provides us with various "roles," what is the implication for our behavior?

Roles come with expectations about how we should behave, which helps build our sense of who we are

Our behavior is entirely spontaneous

Roles limit our desire to do what we want in our lives

Roles encourages us to do what is expected from us

How does Mead's concept of the "Me" function within the self?

It understands and responds to the attitudes and expectations of others

It initiates spontaneous actions and do whatever it desires

It represents the unique and creative part of the self

It is the primitive, instinctual part

In Goffman's theory that life is like a theatre, what is the purpose of "front stage" behavior?

To perform our roles for others, managing their impressions of us

To relax and be one's "true" self

To practice new roles in private and do it in public for the benefit of everybody

To reflect on personal experiences

How does Pierre Bourdieu's concept of "habitus" influence an individual's self?

It influences our perceptions, choices, and sense of self, often reproducing social inequalities

It allows for complete freedom from social constraints

It ensures equal distribution of resources

It eliminates social inequalities

How does Anthony Giddens describe the "self" in today's modern world?

As a continuous project of self-creation

As a fixed and unchanging entity

As something entirely determined by external forces

As an isolated and independent construct

What does the sociological perspective generally emphasize about the self?

That it is a social product, constantly built and reshaped through our interactions with others and the society we live

That it is solely an individual endeavor

That it is primarily an innate biological trait

That it is a concept only found in philosophical discussions

How does the sociological perspective differ from a purely individualistic view of self?

It highlights how society shapes who we are through interactions and social experiences

It focuses exclusively on personal introspection and individual choices

It suggests that the self is formed entirely independently of others but changes over time

It argues that the self is a genetic predisposition with social influence

If a person struggles to adapt to new social situations and roles, what might Ralph Linton's role theory suggest is happening?

They are experiencing a conflict between their self and societal expectations for new roles, impacting their ability to play those parts and build their sense of who we are

They are fulfilling all their expected roles perfectly

Their "looking-glass self" affects their actions and behavior based on others' perceptions

They have a highly developed "I" component of the self

Why might Pierre Bourdieu argue that someone with significant "cultural capital" (e.g., extensive education) has an advantage in certain social "fields" (e.g., academia)?

Because their habitus influences their perceptions and choices, often reproducing social inequalities

Because cultural capital is irrelevant in competitive fields

Because they lack the social connections needed to succeed

Because economic capital is the only factor determining success

How does Anthony Giddens' idea of the "reflexive project of the self" suggest individuals navigate modern life?

By actively constructing their own life narratives and identities

By passively accepting predefined roles and identities set by our society

By relying solely on traditional social structures for identity creation

By following all societal influences on their sense of self

How does George Herbert Mead's concept of the "Me" contribute to an individual's ability to participate in society?

It enables the individual to understand and conform to societal expectations, making social interaction possible

It allows for purely spontaneous and unpredictable behavior

It promotes a complete disregard for others' opinions

It is the source of all creative and rebellious acts

Based on the sociological perspective, why is socialization considered crucial for the development of the self?

Because it helps build and shape the self from birth

Because the self is primarily an individual, isolated entity

Because socialization only occurs in formal educational settings

Because genetic factors are the sole determinants of self

The statement "The 'self' isn't just born; it's built and constantly shaped by social experiences" summarizes a core insight from foundational sociologists. What does this imply about the nature of the self?

That the self is dynamic and continually influenced by social forces and interactions

That the self is a static, unchanging entity

That the self is a purely biological

That the self is primarily a philosophical concept

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