This was a naval trade license or pass issued by the Portuguese Empire in the Indian ocean during the sixteenth century.

• The Columbian Exchange

• cartaz

• joint stock

• corporation

This was a written document that divided the newly-discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (Crown of Castile), along a meridian west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.

• Treaty of Tordesillas

• The Atlantic System

• The Crusades

• The Mongolian Empire

This is an association with investors or shareholders that is incorporated and granted rights (often exclusive rights) by royal charter (or similar instrument of government) for the purpose of trade, exploration, and/or colonization.

• joint stock

• corporation

• chartered company

• Christopher Columbus

This was a forerunner of the modern corporation that was organized for undertakings requiring large amounts of capital. Money was raised by selling shares to investors, who became partners in the venture and shared profits according to the percentage of the investment or held shares.

• joint stock

• corporation

• chartered company

• Christopher Columbus

This was the Spanish conquistador who was largely responsible for coordinating the conquest of the Inca Empire in the Andean range and west coast of South America.

• Francisco Pizarro

• Hernan Cortes

• Christopher Columbus

• Henry the Navigator

This was the Spanish conquistador who was largely responsible for coordinating the conquest of the Aztec military confederacy in Mesoamerica.

• Francisco Pizarro

• Hernan Cortes

• Christopher Columbus

• Henry the Navigator

A term which means 'lineage' in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier to describe mixed-race individuals in New Spain were resulting from unions of Spaniards, Amerindians, and Africans.

• Spanish racial caste system

• encomienda system

• New France

• Ferdinand and Isabella

This was a form of sail that allowed ships to sail perpendicular to the wind.

• lateen sail

• caravel

• cartaz

• joint stock

This was a legal entity that allowed companies to operate without risk to personal assets if the company failed or was sued.

• corporation

• joint stock

• chartered company

• Christopher Columbus

This was the system of rewarding conquerors with land grants, noble title, and feudal authority of the American Indians and European settlers in the area.

• encomienda system

• Spanish racial caste system

• New France

• Ferdinand and Isabella