Which of the following best describes Athens during its height as a polis?

• All residents, including women and slaves, could participate in government

• A monarchy led by a single king

• A limited democracy where only a small percentage of the population could vote

• A military state where all men were required to serve in the army

Why did Sparta transform into a military state?

• To protect against Persian invasions

• To respond to a major slave revolt by the Helots

• To expand trade across the Mediterranean

• To compete with Athens in politics

What event is commonly seen as the transition point from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire?

• The defeat of Carthage in the Punic Wars

• The assassination of Julius Caesar

• The reign of Augustus Caesar

• The founding of Rome in 753 BCE

The Socratic Method involved:

• Writing philosophical dialogues

• Asking questions to challenge assumptions and encourage critical thinking

• Developing theories in science and politics

• Recording the teachings of earlier philosophers

Which philosopher wrote The Republic and used the allegory of the cave to explain truth and reality?

• Aristotle

• Plato

• Socrates

• Cicero

Alexander the Great’s empire is remembered primarily for:

• Establishing a long-lasting political unity in Greece

• Spreading Greek culture and blending it with local traditions (Hellenistic Synthesis)

• Creating Rome’s first imperial government

• Defeating the Carthaginians in the Punic Wars

Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon River in 49 BCE symbolized:

• His acceptance of retirement from political life

• The end of the Punic Wars

• His defiance of the Senate and start of civil war

• The beginning of Pax Romana

Augustus Caesar is remembered for:

• Founding the Roman Republic

• Beginning the Pax Romana as Rome’s first emperor

• Writing major philosophical works

• Leading Athens to its peak of democracy

Roman law codes influenced Europe by:

• Vanishing after the fall of Rome

• Serving as the foundation for many modern European law systems

• Eliminating democracy from political thought

• Encouraging the adoption of feudalism

Which of the following was a Greek contribution that influenced later cultural movements like the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution?

• Feudal law codes

• Humanism and rational philosophy

• Military dictatorship

• Gothic architecture