Which of the following best describes the process of ossification in bone formation?

• The breakdown of bone tissue by osteoclasts

• The replacement of cartilage by bone tissue

• The formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow

• The movement of calcium ions into the bloodstream

Match the following types of bones with their correct examples: 1. Flat bone 2. Long bone 3. Irregular bone

• Skull, Femur, Vertebrae

• Femur, Skull, Vertebrae

• Vertebrae, Femur, Skull

• Skull, Vertebrae, Femur

Which structure of a long bone contains the yellow bone marrow and serves as a cavity for fat storage?

• Epiphysis

• Medullary canal

• Periosteum

• Articular cartilage

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

• Parietal bone

• Mandible

• Femur

• Sacrum

Which statement correctly differentiates between true ribs and floating ribs?

• True ribs are attached directly to the sternum, while floating ribs are not attached to the sternum at all.

• True ribs are only found in the cervical region, while floating ribs are in the thoracic region.

• Floating ribs are attached to the sternum by cartilage, while true ribs are not attached.

• Both true and floating ribs are attached to the xiphoid process.

Given a diagram of a long bone, how would you identify the periosteum and explain its function?

• The periosteum is the inner lining of the medullary canal; it stores fat.

• The periosteum is the outer fibrous covering of the bone; it provides nourishment and serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments.

• The periosteum is the cartilage covering the epiphysis; it reduces friction at joints.

• The periosteum is the spongy bone at the ends; it produces red blood cells.

Analyze the role of fontanels in the skulls of infants and explain why they are important for development.

• Fontanels allow for the attachment of muscles to the skull.

• Fontanels provide flexibility for the skull during birth and allow for brain growth after birth.

• Fontanels are sites of ossification that strengthen the skull immediately after birth.

• Fontanels are responsible for producing red blood cells in infants.

A patient has a fracture in the diaphysis of their femur. Based on your understanding of bone structure, what complications might arise if the periosteum is also damaged?

• The bone will not be able to store fat.

• The bone may have impaired healing and reduced ability to attach muscles and tendons.

• The bone will lose its articular cartilage.

• The bone will become part of the axial skeleton.

Compare and contrast the functions of the endosteum and articular cartilage in long bones.

• Both provide structural support to the bone shaft.

• The endosteum lines the medullary canal and is involved in bone growth and repair, while articular cartilage covers the epiphysis and reduces friction at joints.

• Both are involved in the production of red blood cells.

• The endosteum covers the outside of the bone, while articular cartilage lines the medullary canal.

A student is asked to classify the sacrum, maxilla, and sesamoid bones. Which of the following correctly matches each bone to its type?

• Sacrum: Irregular, Maxilla: Flat, Sesamoid: Short

• Sacrum: Irregular, Maxilla: Irregular, Sesamoid: Sesamoid

• Sacrum: Flat, Maxilla: Long, Sesamoid: Irregular

• Sacrum: Short, Maxilla: Flat, Sesamoid: Long