Why is the term "civilization" considered problematic in historical studies?

• It suggests that other social orders are less developed or "uncivilized."

• It is a word that is difficult to translate into other languages.

• It was primarily used by ancient empires to describe themselves.

• It focuses too much on military power and conquest.

What was the original meaning of the word "barbarian" to the ancient Greeks?

• A person who was uncivilized and savage.

• Anyone who did not speak the Greek language.

• A nomadic warrior from the steppes.

• Someone who lived outside of a city-state.

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a characteristic of early civilizations?

• Surplus food production.

• Specialization of labor.

• Nomadic lifestyle.

• Centralized government.

Why were river valleys crucial for the development of early civilizations?

• They provided natural barriers for defense against invaders.

• They were the only places where writing systems could develop.

• They offered flat, well-watered land with nutrient-rich soil from floods.

• They were ideal locations for mining precious metals.

What advanced urban feature was a notable characteristic of the Indus Valley Civilization's cities like Mohenjo-Daro?

• Massive defensive walls to protect against large armies.

• Elaborate temples dedicated to a single supreme deity.

• A sophisticated central drainage system for waste and water.

• Large public arenas for gladiatorial contests.

What was the likely purpose of the Great Bath in the Indus Valley Civilization?

• A public swimming pool for recreation.

• A place for religious rituals or purification.

• A reservoir for storing drinking water.

• A defensive moat around the city.

What was the primary function of the seals produced by the Indus Valley Civilization?

• Currency for trade with other civilizations.

• Decorative art pieces for homes.

• Identification markers on goods and clay tablets.

• Tools for farming and agriculture.

A famous seal from the Indus Valley depicts a man with water buffalo horns, sitting cross-legged between a tiger and a bull. What does this image likely suggest about the man?

• He was a farmer who raised these animals.

• He was a powerful figure who could control animals.

• He was a hunter who captured wild beasts.

• He was a storyteller who used animals in his tales.

What evidence indicates that the Indus Valley Civilization engaged in trade with Mesopotamia?

• Similar architectural styles found in both regions.

• Indus Valley seals discovered in Mesopotamia.

• Shared religious texts and deities.

• Identical pottery designs in both civilizations.

Based on archaeological findings, what was a notable characteristic of the Indus Valley people regarding conflict?

• They were known for their advanced weaponry and military might.

• They frequently engaged in warfare with neighboring civilizations.

• They showed very little evidence of warfare or weapons.

• They built massive fortifications to protect against invaders.