Allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is defined as:

• Inflammation of nasal mucosa due to viral infection
  

• Inflammation of nasal mucosa due to allergen-induced immune reaction
  

• Inflammation of paranasal sinuses due to bacterial infection
  

• Chronic hypertrophy of turbinates

Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most commonly triggered by:

• Dust mites
  

• Pet dander
  

• Pollen from trees, grasses, or weeds
  

• Mold spores

Which histamine receptor subtype mediates rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal itching in allergic rhinitis?

• H1 receptor
  

• H2 receptor
  

• H3 receptor
  

• H4 receptor

Which of the following is the controller medication of choice in allergic rhinitis according to ARIA 2020?

• First-generation antihistamines
  

• Oral decongestants
  

• Intranasal corticosteroids
  

• Montelukast alone

Among intranasal corticosteroids, which are preferred due to low systemic bioavailability?

• Beclomethasone and budesonide
  

• Fluticasone furoate and mometasone
  

• Dexamethasone and hydrocortisone
  

• Prednisolone and triamcinolone

Montelukast, an FDA-approved leukotriene inhibitor, primarily acts on:

• LC4 and D4 receptors in the upper airway
  

• H1 receptors in nasal mucosa
  

• Beta-adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle
  

• Muscarinic receptors in nasal glands

Which of the following is true regarding immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis?

• Provides only temporary relief during treatment period
  

• Cannot be used in patients with asthma
  

• Alters immune response and provides long-lasting benefit
  

• Associated with high risk of systemic side effects

Sublingual and subcutaneous immunotherapy are mainly indicated in:

• Mild intermittent allergic rhinitis
  

• Moderate-to-severe or persistent allergic rhinitis not controlled with standard therapy
  

• Viral rhinitis with nasal obstruction
  

• Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome

Which of the following environmental control measures is incorrect for house dust mite avoidance?

• Washing bedding regularly at 60°C
  

• Using allergen-impermeable covers
  

• Using feather bedding
  

• Removing carpets and curtains

Nasal saline irrigation in allergic rhinitis provides benefit by:

• Increasing mucus secretion
  

• Enhancing mucociliary clearance and removing inflammatory mediators
  

• Blocking H1 receptors
  

• Directly suppressing IgE production