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A psychologist wants to study stress by measuring participants’ cortisol levels in saliva samples. What is being used in this study?

• Construct (conceptual variable)
• Operational definition
• Dependent variable
• Independent variable

A researcher assigns participants to either meditate daily for two weeks or not meditate at all, then measures their anxiety levels. In this study, what is the independent variable?

• Meditation condition
• Anxiety score
• Stress level
• Predictor variable

A team of researchers measures the number of hours people spend on social media and their levels of loneliness to see if they are related. What type of study design is this?

• Experimental study
• Correlational study
• Case study
• Longitudinal experiment

In a study, participants complete a “Relationship Satisfaction Scale” to measure how happy they are in their relationships. This scale represents the study’s ______.

• Construct (conceptual variable)
• Predictor variable
• Operational definition
• Outcome variable

A scientist predicts that higher exercise frequency will reduce depression symptoms. Exercise frequency is treated as the ______.

• Dependent variable
• Independent variable
• Outcome variable
• Construct

Researchers measure sleep quality and GPA to test whether better sleep predicts higher academic performance. GPA in this study is the ______.

• Predictor variable
• Independent variable
• Outcome variable
• Operational definition

A research team randomly assigns participants to either drink caffeinated coffee or decaf coffee, then measures their alertness. What type of study is this?

• Experimental study
• Correlational study
• Observational study
• Case study

A psychologist develops a “Happiness Ladder” where participants rate their happiness from 0–10. This is an example of ______.

• Construct validity
• Operationalization
• Predictor variable
• Dependent variable

A researcher studies whether childhood trauma predicts adult stress levels. Childhood trauma is the ______.

• Outcome variable
• Independent variable
• Predictor variable
• Dependent variable

In a study, researchers measure test anxiety using a self-report survey. Which type of validity concerns whether this survey actually measures anxiety?

• External validity
• Internal validity
• Statistical validity
• Construct validity