Biology STAAR Practice Semester 1

Which statement explains the effect of an inhibitor on an enzyme?

• A substrate will be able to bond with the enzyme.

• The enzyme will likely be attacked by immune cells.

• The enzyme will be unable to produce more enzymes.

• A substrate will be unable to attach to the enzyme.

Four different nucleotides are used as building blocks of DNA. Which of the following can be used to distinguish one nucleotide from another?

• The nitrogenous base

• The shape of the deoxyribose sugar

• The length of the phosphate group

• The type of fatty acid

In the 1940s scientists performed an experiment that ultimately identified the site of protein synthesis. They also identified the molecule responsible for transporting information from the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis. What was this newly identified molecule?

• A gene

• mRNA

• ATP

• Thymine

Which statement best describes the relationship between the products of photosynthesis and the reactants in cellular respiration?

• The products of photosynthesis serve as the reactants in cellular respiration to provide chemical energy.

• The products of photosynthesis combine with the reactants in cellular respiration to remove ATP from cells.

• The products of photosynthesis inhibit the reactants in cellular respiration in the presence of light.

• The products of photosynthesis change the structure of the reactants in cellular respiration in the presence of light.

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Which process and product are represented in Diagram 2?

• Process: transcription; product: mRNA

• Process: translation; product: protein

• Process: replication; product: tRNA

• Process: recombination; product: polymerase

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A student is looking for evidence that spindle fibers are separating the chromosomes to ensure that each new nucleus has one copy of each chromosome. Which diagram is the student looking for?

• Cell 1

• Cell 2

• Cell 3

• Cell 4

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Nitrogenous bases are located on both strands of the DNA double helix. What is the significance of the nitrogenous bases?

• The number of adenines and cytosines determines the type of RNA that will be produced.

• The order of nitrogenous bases determines the order of amino acids in the proteins synthesized.

• The amount of thymine and guanine in the DNA molecules determines the length of the genes.

• The type of hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases determines which amino acid will be added to the peptide chain.

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Which two processes does this diagram most directly model?

• Energy conversions and synthesis of new molecules

• Synthesis of new molecules and homeostasis

• Transport of molecules and energy conversions

• Homeostasis and transport of molecules

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Cells pass through a G2 checkpoint before entering mitosis. Ideally, if DNA damage is detected, the cells do not enter mitosis until the damage is repaired. Why is DNA damage repaired before cells enter mitosis?

• So that another round of DNA synthesis does not have to take place

• So that the chromosomes can align at the metaphase plate during mitosis

• So that the cytoplasm can be divided equally between the two daughter cells

• So that healthy daughter cells are produced, allowing the organism to continue growing

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In all three complex carbohydrates, the subunits of glucose are bonded together differently. Because they have different structures, they most likely —

• contain different chemical elements

• form different proteins

• carry different nucleotides

• perform different functions

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