What major problem do most GenAI search tools have when suggesting literature?

They frequently make up citations

They mostly recommend outdated sources

Which of the following is TRUE about “open access” papers?

They can be accessed for free by the public

They are always of lower quality

They require university credentials to view

They are considered preprints only

What is one way to access a book if it’s unavailable online through York OMNI?

Get the physical copy through the library

Wait until it becomes open access

Pay for it through a commercial site only

What is a strategic approach when reading through a large stack of papers?

Begin with the abstract, then focus on sections relevant to your needs

Always read papers in full before starting another

Skip the methods section completely

Start with the reference list instead of the paper itself

Which feature of a journal indicates higher credibility?

It allows anyone to publish for a fee

It is written in casual, accessible language

It avoids using blind reviewers

What is the main issue with preprints?

They may be accidentally found on Google Scholar but are not peer-reviewed

They are not real research papers

They cannot be cited in any paper

They are outdated and irrelevant

What distinguishes a teaching-focused professor from a research-focused professor?

The teaching-focused professor prioritizes student learning, while the research-focused professor prioritizes producing research

The teaching-focused professor doesn’t attend conferences

The research-focused professor doesn’t teach classes

There is no real distinction; both do the same work

What is the main focus of this class’s definition of “research methods”?

Traditional philosophies of science

Postmodern critiques of science

What is highlighted under “Side note: Decolonization”?

Indigenous scholars stress reclaiming alternative worldviews and marginalized perspectives

All research must reject Western science

Only Western theories are valid in psychology

Decolonization is unrelated to research methods

What is considered best practice when including marginalized groups in research?

Involve them actively in every stage, including planning

Only consult them after data collection

Avoid involving them directly to reduce bias

Use existing stereotypes to design questions

Why is intuition considered limited as a way of knowing?

It provides little insight into why something is true

It requires external validation first

What is an example of “authority/tradition/culture” as a way of knowing?

Learning norms from parents or teachers

Why is experience as a way of knowing problematic?

It varies widely, and correctness depends on interpretation

It cannot generate any knowledge

It is too consistent across people

Which of the following best describes “lay theories”?

Personal, informal explanations often based on culture or intuition

Personal but systematic scientific models of the world

Only theories proposed by professional scientists

Empirical evidence collected in casual settings

Which of the following is an example of a lay theory?

B) “Visual learners do better than auditory learners”

A) “All swans are white” (Popper’s hypothesis)

What is systematic empiricism?

Knowledge gained through ordered, structured observation and experimentation

Using gut instinct to guide theories

Relying on cultural traditions to form knowledge

A pseudoscientific way of reasoning

What is pseudoscience?

Belief systems that claim to be scientific but lack systematic empiricism

Any scientific method not supported by statistics

Traditional cultural knowledge systems

Alternative paradigms like qualitative research

Why is pseudoscience often difficult to disprove?

Believers typically reject or reinterpret empirical evidence against it

It always contains perfectly accurate predictions

It is already peer-reviewed and validated

It only exists in textbooks, not in practice

Which of the following was used in the slides as a pseudoscience example?

Astrology-type personality classification (“You must be a Virgo”)

What does the “kernel” idea in pseudoscience refer to?

That pseudoscience contains small elements of truth, inspiration, or tradition

That pseudoscience is entirely false and has no value

That pseudoscience must be tested using only placebo experiments

That pseudoscience is unrelated to human beliefs

What is one criticism of applying new theories to old populations in psychology?

It can overemphasize Western samples and neglect diverse groups

It is impossible to conduct empirically

Which strategy involves systematically identifying “gaps in the literature”?

Strategic elimination within a research area

What is the main takeaway from the “nepo baby” research topic example?

Research topics can emerge from everyday conversations and observations

Nepotism is impossible to study empirically

Children cannot perceive fairness

Celebrity studies are always pseudoscience

Which of the following is not a recommended factor in choosing a research topic?

It has never been studied in any form before

It matches your supervisor’s area of expertise

It is feasible within your available resources

What is the first step after identifying a research topic?

Formulating it into a clear research question

What is a major purpose of consulting the literature?

To identify theories, methods, and gaps in knowledge

To find journalistic summaries of psychology

What is meant by the phrase “the literature is a conversation”?

Scientific findings are continually updated, debated, and sometimes conflicting

All papers agree with each other

Literature reviews are like dialogue scripts

Only qualitative studies contribute to literature

Which of the following is a feature of a good theory?

It is precise, generalizable, falsifiable, generative, and useful

Why is falsifiability important for a theory?

It allows the theory to be disproven if contrary evidence emerges

It ensures the theory is widely accepted

It prevents replication studies

In the COVID vaccine example, what was Gem’s major error?

Not considering the base rate of vaccinated people in the population

Treating correlation as causation

Why are base rates important in research?

They contextualize raw numbers in terms of population percentages

They replace the need for control groups

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

A) It follows logically from theory

In the “fiction books and empathy” example, what are the three constructs involved?

Reading fiction, taking perspectives, empathy

What were the two hypotheses derived from the “being observed” theory?

Experts perform better; novices perform worse

Experts perform worse; novices perform better

Performance is random under observation

Psych 2030 1

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Science

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71 questions

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What type of research is this class primarily focused on?

Blog posts and opinion essays

Peer-reviewed empirical research

News articles from reputable outlets

Government policy papers

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following is NOT listed as a common online database for psychology research?

A) APA PsycNet

B) Google Scholar

C) Statistics Canada

D) Wikipedia

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is the “jingle fallacy”?

Two different names for one concept

A concept measured incorrectly

Two concepts that share the same name

A misleading conclusion based on statistics

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is the “jangle fallacy”?

Using music analogies in research papers

One concept with multiple different names

Confusing statistics with predictions

Using phrases instead of keywords in searches

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which Boolean search would return articles about depression but exclude those about anxiety?

depression OR anxiety

depression AND anxiety

depression -anxiety

“depression and anxiety”

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

When refining searches, what is an underrated but easy way to find relevant papers?

Reading only the abstract of one paper

Checking the citation list of a key paper

Using Wikipedia to trace sources

Searching with random phrases

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Why can AI-based “mapping” tools be risky when finding research?

They never work properly

They are always behind on current literature

They can take you further off track if your “key” paper is misaligned

They are too expensive to use regularly

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