Chapter 63 Principles

Excessive ADH secretion after brain injury leads to:

• Hypernatremia

• Hyponatremia

• Hyperkalemia

• Hypocalcemia

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

Under-secretion of ADH results in:

• Hyponatremia

• Hypernatremia, elevated osmolality

• Hypokalemia

• Hypoglycemia

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

Cushing's reflex includes all EXCEPT:

• Bradycardia

• Increased systolic BP

• Widening pulse pressure

• Tachycardia

The earliest sign of increased ICP is usually:

• Bradycardia

• Change in LOC

• Hypertension

• Cheyne-Stokes respirations

To reduce ICP, the head of bed should be:

• Flat

• Elevated 30°

• Trendelenburg

• Prone

Unilateral dilated pupil with poor light response suggests pressure on:

• CN III

• CN V

• CN VII

• CN IX

CSF leak from nose/ears indicates:

• Basilar skull fracture

• Meningitis

• Sinusitis

• Otitis media

Epidural hematomas are dangerous because:

• Venous origin

• Arterial hemorrhage → rapid deterioration

• Cause seizures only

• Often self-limiting

Subdural hematomas differ from epidural because they are usually:

• Arterial, rapid

• Venous, slower onset

• Aneurysmal

• Post-infectious

A GCS score ≤ 8 indicates:

• Mild head injury

• Moderate head injury

• Severe head injury

• Normal