1700s Exam

In France, Enlightenment thinkers were called the

• sans-culottes

• Huguenots

• contraires

• philosophes

• Jansenists

Voltaire frequently demonstrated the superiority of the institutions of the

• Italians

• Germans

• French

• Spanish

• British

The Enlightenment can be best described as

• a political revolution accompanied by dynastic change.

• an intellectual revolution indebted to scientific findings.

• a support system for organized Christianity.

• a pessimistic view of the limits of human progress.

• a return to the democratic institutions of ancient Athens.

Kepler’s heliocentric theory differed from that of Copernicus in that the former

• posited elliptical planetary movement.

• noted the magnetic pull of the moon.

• based his theories on deduction.

• won papal approval for his discoveries.

• discovered the modern law of inertia.

“There would be an end of everything were the same man or the same body...to exercise those three powers, that of enacting laws, that of executing the public resolutions, and of trying the causes of individuals.” The author of this quotation is

• Rousseau

• Locke

• Montesquieu

• Hume

• Diderot

“The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have a right to concur either personally or by their representatives in its formation. The law should be the same for all, whether it protects or whether it punishes.” The quotation above is a formulation of the ideas of

• Frederick the Great

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Adam Smith

• Condorcet

• Voltaire

Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the seventeenth-century by

• making observations of planetary movements.

• perfecting the metric system.

• conducting experiments about gravitational forces.

• introducing logarithms.

• articulating theories of the scientific method.

Which of the following best expresses Voltaire’s views concerning religion?

• Catholics should obediently follow the dictates of the pope.

• Protestants should be excluded from French government service.

• Religious unity is fundamental to enlightened monarchies.

• Organized religion perpetuates superstition and ignorance.

• Criticism of religious doctrines and authorities should be condemned.

The passage above best reflects the argument of

• John Locke

• Thomas Hobbes

• Mary Wollstonecraft

• Jane Austen

• Emily Bronte

Hobbes and Locke would have agreed that

• a monarch has absolute power.

• the state is based on social contract.

• the state of nature is peaceful and harmonious.

• political authority should be shared by the monarch and the people.

• citizens have a right to revolt.