Which year is often considered a period of widespread revolutions across Europe, driven by social and economic changes?

• 1492

• 1688

• 1789

• 1848

What was a significant factor contributing to economic hardship in European cities during the mid-19th century?

• Increased demand for artisan goods

• New machinery making farm labor unnecessary

• A decline in industrialization

• Strong government intervention in the economy

What natural disaster, combined with bad harvests, led to the "Hungry Forties" and a devastating famine in Ireland?

• A severe drought

• The potato blight

• Widespread flooding

• An earthquake

What economic policy did the British government adhere to during the Irish Famine, which resulted in minimal government assistance?

• Mercantilism

• Laissez-faire

• Socialism

• Protectionism

Before Italy became a unified nation, how was its territory generally divided?

• It was a single, independent kingdom.

• It was controlled by the French Empire.

• It was split among various foreign powers and the Papacy.

• It was a collection of independent city-states.

Which of the following was a major cause of the 1848 revolution in France?

• The king's decision to declare war on Germany.

• Widespread satisfaction with the government's policies.

• Objections to cronyism, limited voting rights, and rising food prices.

• A desire to restore the monarchy after a period of republican rule.

What happened to the National Workshops established in France during the 1848 revolution?

• They successfully employed all workers and ended the revolution peacefully.

• They were expanded to include women, but later shut down by the National Assembly.

• They were immediately rejected by the provisional government.

• They led to the election of George Sand as a representative.

What was a main goal of the activists in Berlin who were inspired by the French revolution?

• To establish a new monarchy in France.

• To unify the German states.

• To expand the French Empire into Germany.

• To restore aristocratic privileges.

Why did the Prussian King refuse the crown of a constitutional monarchy?

• He believed it was a crown offered by common people, not by divine right.

• He preferred to remain king of Prussia only.

• He wanted to unite all German states under his absolute rule.

• He feared losing power to a parliament.

In 1846, why did Polish peasants in the Galician city of Krakow refuse to join the upper-class nationalists in a revolt against Austrian rule?

• They were loyal to the Austrian Emperor.

• They feared retaliation from the Austrian army.

• They saw Austrian rule as a way to gain freedom from feudal obligations to landowners.

• They believed the nationalists would not improve their living conditions.